A client with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is scheduled to receive plasmapheresis treatments. A nurse explains to the client's spouse that the purpose of plasmapheresis is to:
infuse lipoproteins to restore the myelin sheath.
remove excess fluid from the blood stream.
restore protein levels in the blood.
remove circulating antibodies from the blood stream.
The Correct Answer is D
A) Infuse lipoproteins to restore the myelin sheath:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath around nerve fibers. Plasmapheresis does not work by infusing lipoproteins to restore the myelin sheath. The treatment's primary goal is to remove harmful substances from the blood that may be contributing to the autoimmune attack, particularly antibodies that target the nervous system, not by restoring the myelin itself.
B) Remove excess fluid from the bloodstream:
Plasmapheresis is a process used to remove certain substances from the plasma, including antibodies and immune complexes that might be exacerbating an autoimmune condition like MS. If the goal were to remove excess fluid, the treatment would be more akin to dialysis or a fluid management procedure, but this is not the case with plasmapheresis.
C) Restore protein levels in the blood:
While plasmapheresis can sometimes lead to a temporary decrease in protein levels due to the removal of plasma, this is not its primary purpose. The primary goal of plasmapheresis in the context of multiple sclerosis is to remove circulating antibodies and other immune-related substances.
D) Remove circulating antibodies from the bloodstream:
Plasmapheresis works by removing circulating antibodies from the bloodstream. In multiple sclerosis, the immune system mistakenly targets the myelin sheath, and plasmapheresis helps to remove the antibodies responsible for this autoimmune response. This can provide temporary relief of symptoms during acute flare-ups of MS by reducing the immune system's attack on the nervous system.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A) Take the medication with meals:
Inhaled beclomethasone is a corticosteroid, and it is generally not necessary to take it with meals. Oral corticosteroids are sometimes taken with meals to minimize gastric irritation, but this does not apply to inhaled corticosteroids like beclomethasone. The primary concern with inhaled corticosteroids is not related to meal timing but to oral hygiene to prevent side effects like oral thrush.
B) Limit caffeine intake:
There is no direct contraindication or requirement to limit caffeine intake when taking inhaled beclomethasone. While caffeine can have mild bronchodilatory effects, it does not interfere with the action of beclomethasone or exacerbate asthma symptoms. This is not a priority teaching point for the patient.
C) Rinse the mouth after administration:
One of the most important teaching points when using inhaled beclomethasone is to rinse the mouth after each use. This helps to prevent oral thrush (a fungal infection caused by Candida), which is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids. Rinsing the mouth with water after administration helps to remove any leftover medication and reduce the risk of infection, making this the most important instruction.
D) Check the pulse before and after medication administration:
While checking the pulse is important for some medications, such as bronchodilators like albuterol, it is not necessary for inhaled beclomethasone. Beclomethasone is a corticosteroid that primarily works by reducing inflammation in the airways, and it does not have a significant impact on heart rate. Therefore, it is not required to monitor pulse before and after its use.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A) A normal finding:
A normal finding during an edrophonium (Tensilon) test is an improvement in muscle strength for clients with myasthenia gravis (MG). If the client becomes weaker after the dose, it indicates that the test results are not typical and suggest a different issue, not a normal response. This is not a normal finding.
B) A myasthenia gravis crisis due to drug undermedication:
In a myasthenic crisis, the client experiences severe weakness and respiratory difficulty, typically due to insufficient medication (e.g., pyridostigmine). While a myasthenic crisis could cause weakness and respiratory distress, the edrophonium test would typically show improvement in muscle strength if the crisis is due to undermedication. Since the client became weaker after receiving edrophonium, this is not indicative of a myasthenic crisis.
C) An allergic reaction:
An allergic reaction to the edrophonium test would typically result in symptoms such as rash, swelling, or difficulty breathing due to hypersensitivity, but it does not typically cause weakness as the primary response. The worsening of symptoms after the test is more likely related to drug overmedication rather than an allergic reaction.
D) A cholinergic crisis due to drug overmedication:
A cholinergic crisis occurs when there is an overdose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., pyridostigmine or neostigmine), which can lead to excessive acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle weakness and respiratory failure. The edrophonium test helps differentiate between a myasthenic crisis and a cholinergic crisis. If the client becomes weaker after the administration of edrophonium, it suggests a cholinergic crisis due to drug overmedication.
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