A group of students at a university volunteered to participate in a study of attitudes about their personal safety.
The day before the study began, the nation experienced the 9/11 terrorism attacks. What statement is accurate regarding the event associated with this study?

The study should have been postponed for six months to distance the subjects from the 9/11 events.

The study subjects should have been instructed to disregard feelings about 9/11 when completing surveys.

The study should have been abandoned because the attacks of 9/11 compromised the study's reliability.

The authors should have reported the 9/11 events as a threat to the study's internal validity.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A rationale:

Postponing the study for six months would not necessarily resolve the impact of the 9/11 events on the study's participants. It may also introduce other confounding factors related to the delay.

Choice B rationale:

Instructing study subjects to disregard their feelings about 9/11 may not be feasible or effective, as traumatic events can have a lasting impact on individuals' psychological well-being and attitudes.

Choice C rationale:

Abandoning the study due to the 9/11 events may not be necessary, but it is essential to acknowledge and address the potential influence of external events on the study's internal validity.

Choice D rationale:

This is the correct answer. The authors should have reported the 9/11 events as a potential threat to the study's internal validity, as they could have introduced confounding variables or influenced the participants' responses. By acknowledging this, researchers can provide transparency about potential limitations and their efforts to control for them.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of internal consistency, not inter-rater reliability. Inter-rater reliability assesses the degree of agreement between different raters or observers, which is not applicable in this context.

Choice B rationale:

This is the correct answer. A Cronbach's alpha value of 0.35 indicates poor internal consistency for the instrument. In other words, the items in the tool do not consistently measure the same underlying construct (pain perception). A low alpha value suggests that the items in the instrument may not be reliably measuring the intended concept and that revision may be necessary to improve the tool's consistency.

Choice C rationale:

The statement "The tool will consistently measure pain perception in clients" is not supported by the low Cronbach's alpha value of 0.35. A low alpha suggests that the tool does not demonstrate consistent measurement of pain perception.

Choice D rationale:

Cronbach's alpha does not provide information about the presence of inverse relationships among items on the scale. It assesses internal consistency, which is about the degree to which items on the scale are interrelated and measure the same construct. A low alpha indicates poor internal consistency but does not specifically indicate the presence of inverse relationships.

A. A measurement error has occurred and a new sample should be obtained for the study using a double-blind approach to enhance randomization. B. Manipulation of the dependent variable poses a threat to the external validity of the study, so inferences from the study are applicable to the sample only. C. A threat to the internal validity of the study has occurred because a factor outside those examined may have affected the outcome or dependent variable. D. Because a selection bias has occurred, inferences made from the analysis of findings cannot be applied to the entire Parkinson's population at large.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

A measurement error does not seem to be the primary issue in this scenario. While improving randomization through a double-blind approach can enhance the study's internal validity, the core problem here is not a measurement error but the introduction of a new walker, which could introduce confounding variables.

Choice B rationale:

While manipulation of the dependent variable can indeed pose a threat to external validity, it is not the primary concern in this case. The primary issue is the potential for confounding due to the introduction of a new walker, which affects the study's internal validity.

Choice C rationale:

This is the correct answer. The introduction of a new walker is an external factor that was not controlled for in the study. It can introduce confounding variables that affect the study's internal validity. Therefore, a threat to internal validity has occurred.

Choice D rationale:

Selection bias is not the primary issue here. The primary concern is the introduction of a new walker affecting the study's internal validity. Selection bias pertains to the process of selecting subjects and does not directly address the impact of the new walker on the study's validity.

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A group of students at a university volunteered to participate in a study of attitudes about their personal safety. The day before the study began, the nation experienced the 9/11 terrorism attacks. What statement is accurate regarding the event associated with this study?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A researcher is assessing the reliability of a new instrument that was constructed to measure pain perception following cardiac catheterization. The Cronbach's alpha obtained from a pilot study of the tool was 0.35. Which evaluation does the alpha value indicate?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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A nurse is designing a study to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative teaching to clients undergoing total knee replacement surgery. To best identify previous research studies that investigated client teaching effectiveness, what should the nurse do first?

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A group of students at a university volunteered to participate in a study of attitudes about their personal safety.
The day before the study began, the nation experienced the 9/11 terrorism attacks. What statement is accurate regarding the event associated with this study?