A mental health nurse is providing preventive care for a group of clients in the community. Which of the following actions by the nurse demonstrates a secondary prevention strategy?

A. Cognitive reframing:

Cognitive reframing involves helping individuals change their perspective or interpretation of a situation to see it in a more positive or balanced light. While this technique can be helpful in various situations, it may not be suitable for addressing delusions or misconceptions in clients with dementia who firmly believe in their reality, such as the client who perceives a doll as her infant child.

B. Thought stopping:

Thought stopping is a cognitive-behavioral technique used to interrupt or stop intrusive or distressing thoughts. It typically involves mentally or verbally interrupting negative thoughts with a cue word or phrase. However, this technique may not be effective for addressing the belief of a client with dementia that a doll is her infant child because it does not acknowledge or validate the client's reality.

C. Validation therapy:

Validation therapy is a person-centered approach that acknowledges and validates the emotions and experiences of individuals with dementia, even if their perceptions do not align with objective reality. It involves empathetic listening, validation of emotions, and entering the individual's reality to provide comfort and support. This approach can help reduce agitation and distress in clients with dementia and foster a therapeutic connection between the client and the caregiver.

D. Operant conditioning:

Operant conditioning is a behavior modification technique based on the principles of reinforcement and punishment to strengthen or weaken behaviors. While it may be used to modify behaviors in some situations, it is not typically employed to address delusions or misconceptions in clients with dementia. Using operant conditioning techniques with a client who believes a doll is her infant child would not address the underlying emotional needs or provide therapeutic support for the client's reality.

A. Delirium often causes disorganized thinking and communication, but speech can be either slow or rapid and incoherent. Slow speech is not a definitive sign of delirium.

B.Rapid mood changes are commonly seen in delirium. Clients may exhibit sudden shifts in mood, such as becoming agitated, anxious, irritable, or euphoric, often without apparent cause.

C.Hallucinations, both visual and auditory, are common manifestations of delirium. Clients may perceive things that are not present, hear voices, or experience other sensory distortions.

D.Delirium typically involves an altered level of consciousness, which can range from hyperalertness to lethargy. An unaltered level of consciousness is not characteristic of delirium.

E.Restlessness, agitation, and an inability to sit still are frequent manifestations of delirium. Clients may exhibit hyperactivity, fidgeting, pacing, or attempting to remove medical devices or clothing.