A nurse in an urgent care clinic is collecting data from a preschooler who reports painful urination.
Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a possible manifestation of a urinary tract infection?

Choice A rationale

Clostridium difficile requires contact precautions because it spreads through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or infected individuals. The organism produces spores that can survive on surfaces for long periods, making it highly contagious. Contact precautions help prevent the transmission by using protective equipment such as gloves and gowns and ensuring proper hand hygiene with soap and water.

Choice B rationale

Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, primarily spreads through respiratory droplets rather than direct contact. Therefore, contact precautions are not typically required.

Choice C rationale

Haemophilus influenzae spreads through respiratory droplets rather than direct contact. Droplet precautions are more appropriate to prevent its transmission, rather than contact precautions.

Choice D rationale

Mycoplasma pneumoniae also spreads through respiratory droplets and does not typically require contact precautions. Droplet precautions are more suitable for preventing its transmission.

Choice A rationale

Increased pulse (tachycardia) is a common sign of dehydration in toddlers. As the body loses fluids, the heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output and blood circulation to vital organs.

Choice B rationale

Increased blood pressure is not typically associated with dehydration. Dehydration usually leads to a decrease in blood volume, which can cause a drop in blood pressure rather than an increase.

Choice C rationale

Distended jugular veins are more indicative of fluid overload or heart failure rather than dehydration. In dehydration, reduced fluid volume results in less prominent veins.

Choice D rationale

A fat anterior fontanel is not a sign of dehydration. In dehydration, you would expect the fontanel to be sunken rather than bulging, due to the loss of extracellular fluid volume.