A nurse is assessing a client who has delirium as a result of sepsis. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)

A. Encourage the client to attend group therapy sessions: While group therapy can be beneficial for some individuals with panic disorder by providing support and opportunities for learning coping strategies, it may not be appropriate for all clients. Some clients may feel overwhelmed or anxious in group settings, especially during panic attacks. The nurse should assess the client's readiness and comfort level with group therapy and individualize the treatment plan accordingly.

B. Allow the client to choose scheduled daily activities: Providing the client with a sense of control and autonomy over their daily activities can be helpful in managing anxiety and panic symptoms. However, this intervention alone may not address the specific cognitive and behavioral aspects of panic disorder. It is important to incorporate other evidence-based interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques, into the treatment plan to address the underlying causes of panic attacks.

C. Use simple words to describe procedures to the client: Individuals with panic disorder may experience difficulty processing information and focusing during panic attacks or periods of heightened anxiety. Using simple and clear language to describe procedures can help reduce confusion and alleviate anxiety in these situations. It is important to provide information in a calm and reassuring manner to facilitate understanding and cooperation.

D. Avoid discussing topics that can trigger a panic attack: While it is important to be mindful of potential triggers for panic attacks, avoiding all discussion of triggering topics may not be practical or helpful in the long term. Instead, the nurse should work collaboratively with the client to identify triggers and develop coping strategies to manage them effectively. Avoidance alone may reinforce avoidance behaviors and perpetuate anxiety.

A. Dissociation

Dissociation is a defense mechanism where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity as a way to cope with a traumatic or stressful situation. In the context of PTSD, dissociation may manifest as the inability to recall details of the traumatic event or feeling disconnected from reality.

B. Rationalization

Rationalization involves justifying or explaining behaviors, thoughts, or feelings in a rational or logical manner to make them acceptable to oneself or others. It is not typically associated with the inability to recall details of a traumatic event.

C. Undoing

Undoing is a defense mechanism characterized by engaging in acts or behaviors aimed at negating or "undoing" a previous undesirable thought, feeling, or action. It involves trying to make amends for perceived wrongdoings or mistakes, often through symbolic gestures. It is not typically associated with memory impairment related to trauma.

D. Reaction formation

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where a person behaves in a manner that is opposite to their true feelings or impulses. For example, someone who feels hostility towards another person might display exaggerated friendliness. While reaction formation may be present in individuals with PTSD, it is not directly related to the inability to recall details of a traumatic event.