A nurse is assessing the psychosocial development of a toddler. Which of the following should the nurse recognize that this stage is characterized by?

Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt

Demonstrations of sexual curiosity

Imaginary playmates

Negative behaviors characterized by the need for autonomy

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt: This stage typically occurs during the preschool years (ages 3 to 6), when children begin initiating activities and asserting control through social interactions and play.

B. Demonstrations of sexual curiosity: Although some curiosity may occur, pronounced sexual curiosity is more typical during the preschool years, not the toddler stage, and it is not a hallmark of toddler psychosocial development.

C. Imaginary playmates: Imaginary friends commonly appear in preschool-aged children (around 3 to 6 years of age) and are part of normal imaginative development, not characteristic of toddlers.

D. Negative behaviors characterized by the need for autonomy: Toddlers are in Erikson’s stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. They frequently exhibit negativism (e.g., saying "no") as a means of asserting independence and developing a sense of autonomy.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

A. Serve food in small, non-circular pieces: Infants are at high risk for choking due to underdeveloped chewing skills. Serving food in small, irregular-shaped pieces reduces the chance of airway obstruction and promotes safe self-feeding as the infant learns to eat solids.

B. Fit the mattress so that it is snug against the sides of the crib: A properly fitting crib mattress eliminates gaps that can trap an infant’s head or body, reducing the risk of suffocation or entrapment. This is a key for creating a safe sleep environment.

C. Set the water heater at 65.6° C (150° F): This temperature is too high and increases the risk of scald burns. The water heater should be set to 48.9° C (120° F) or lower to protect infants from accidental hot water burns during bathing or handwashing.

D. Install accordion style gates: Accordion-style gates pose a strangulation hazard due to the V-shaped openings and large gaps. Safety gates with vertical slats and no large openings are the recommended type for preventing falls while avoiding entrapment risks.

E. Tie plastic bags in knots before discarding them: Tying plastic bags prevents infants from placing them over their heads, reducing the risk of suffocation. Even after being discarded, bags can pose a danger if left loose and accessible to crawling or curious infants.

A. Inability to pick up an object with her fingers B. Inability to bring an object to her mouth C. Inability to raise head when in prone position D. Inability to sit without support

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Inability to pick up an object with her fingers: At 3 months, infants typically do not have the fine motor skills to grasp objects deliberately with fingers. This milestone usually develops around 4 to 6 months, so this finding is not concerning at this age.

B. Inability to bring an object to her mouth: This milestone generally emerges around 4 to 6 months as infants gain better hand-eye coordination and voluntary control. Lack of this skill at 3 months is expected and not necessarily a delay.

C. Inability to raise head when in prone position: By 3 months, infants usually can lift and briefly hold their head up while lying on their stomach, demonstrating neck muscle strength. If the infant cannot do this, it may indicate a developmental concern.

D. Inability to sit without support: Sitting independently without support is a major gross motor milestone that typically develops much later in infancy, usually between 6 to 8 months of age. A 3-month-old infant is not expected to be able to sit without support, so this is a normal finding and not a concern.

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A nurse is assessing the psychosocial development of a toddler. Which of the following should the nurse recognize that this stage is characterized by?

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