A nurse is assessing the psychosocial development of a toddler. Which of the following should the nurse recognize that this stage is characterized by?
Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt
Demonstrations of sexual curiosity
Imaginary playmates
Negative behaviors characterized by the need for autonomy
The Correct Answer is D
A. Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt: This stage typically occurs during the preschool years (ages 3 to 6), when children begin initiating activities and asserting control through social interactions and play.
B. Demonstrations of sexual curiosity: Although some curiosity may occur, pronounced sexual curiosity is more typical during the preschool years, not the toddler stage, and it is not a hallmark of toddler psychosocial development.
C. Imaginary playmates: Imaginary friends commonly appear in preschool-aged children (around 3 to 6 years of age) and are part of normal imaginative development, not characteristic of toddlers.
D. Negative behaviors characterized by the need for autonomy: Toddlers are in Erikson’s stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. They frequently exhibit negativism (e.g., saying "no") as a means of asserting independence and developing a sense of autonomy.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Iron facilitates development of vision in infants: While iron is essential for overall neurological development, including brain function, it is not directly linked to the development of vision. Vision development relies more on visual stimuli and neurological maturation.
B. Iron is poorly absorbed in infants: Infants, especially those fed breast milk, generally have efficient iron absorption, often better than adults. Iron absorption can vary but is not inherently poor in infants; thus, this statement is misleading.
C. Iron facilitates growth of bones in infants: Bone growth primarily depends on calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus rather than iron. Iron’s primary role is in oxygen transport and preventing anemia, not bone growth.
D. Iron stores in infants begin to deplete: Infants are born with iron stores that typically last about 4 to 6 months, after which these stores start to decline. This depletion is why introducing iron-fortified formula or complementary foods rich in iron is important at this age to prevent iron deficiency anemia.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Skin integrity: While skin turgor and moisture can provide clues about hydration status, they are subjective and less reliable in infants due to their naturally elastic skin and fat distribution.
B. Body weight: Changes in body weight are the most accurate and objective indicator of fluid loss or gain in infants. A weight loss of even a few percentage points can reflect significant dehydration.
C. Respiratory rate: An increased respiratory rate may occur due to metabolic acidosis from dehydration but is influenced by many factors like fever or infection, making it a less specific indicator of fluid loss.
D. Blood pressure: Blood pressure often remains normal due to compensatory mechanisms until dehydration is severe or shock develops. It is a late and less sensitive sign of fluid volume depletion in infants.
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