A nurse is caring for a client who has dementia and insists a doll is her infant child. Which of the following behavioral management techniques should the nurse use when interacting with the client?

Cognitive reframing

Thought stopping

Validation therapy

Operant conditioning

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Cognitive reframing:

Cognitive reframing involves helping individuals change their perspective or interpretation of a situation to see it in a more positive or balanced light. While this technique can be helpful in various situations, it may not be suitable for addressing delusions or misconceptions in clients with dementia who firmly believe in their reality, such as the client who perceives a doll as her infant child.

B. Thought stopping:

Thought stopping is a cognitive-behavioral technique used to interrupt or stop intrusive or distressing thoughts. It typically involves mentally or verbally interrupting negative thoughts with a cue word or phrase. However, this technique may not be effective for addressing the belief of a client with dementia that a doll is her infant child because it does not acknowledge or validate the client's reality.

C. Validation therapy:

Validation therapy is a person-centered approach that acknowledges and validates the emotions and experiences of individuals with dementia, even if their perceptions do not align with objective reality. It involves empathetic listening, validation of emotions, and entering the individual's reality to provide comfort and support. This approach can help reduce agitation and distress in clients with dementia and foster a therapeutic connection between the client and the caregiver.

D. Operant conditioning:

Operant conditioning is a behavior modification technique based on the principles of reinforcement and punishment to strengthen or weaken behaviors. While it may be used to modify behaviors in some situations, it is not typically employed to address delusions or misconceptions in clients with dementia. Using operant conditioning techniques with a client who believes a doll is her infant child would not address the underlying emotional needs or provide therapeutic support for the client's reality.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. A nurse did not clarify a client's prescription that was difficult to read resulting in a medication error: This scenario describes a medication error due to the nurse's failure to exercise reasonable care by not clarifying a difficult-to-read prescription. This constitutes negligence, making it an example of an unintentional tort.

B. A nurse posted private information on social media about a client who has substance use disorder: This scenario involves a breach of confidentiality, which is a violation of the client's privacy rights. However, it is considered an intentional tort (specifically, invasion of privacy) rather than an unintentional tort.

C. A nurse placed a client in mechanical restraints without containing a prescription, resulting in injury: This scenario describes a failure to follow proper procedures (restraining a client without a prescription), resulting in harm to the client. This also constitutes negligence, making it an example of an unintentional tort.

D. A nurse threatened a client with physical harm after the client became verbally abusive to staff members: This scenario involves the nurse's intentional act of threatening physical harm to the client, which constitutes an intentional tort (assault).

A. The client has a serotonin deficiency B. The client has acute bronchitis C. The client has an elevated calcium level D. The client is an only child

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. The client has a serotonin deficiency

This choice suggests a biological risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, and alterations in its levels or function can contribute to the development of depressive symptoms. A deficiency in serotonin is considered a significant biological risk factor for MDD.

B. The client has acute bronchitis

Acute bronchitis, an inflammation of the bronchial tubes typically caused by viral infections, is not directly associated with major depressive disorder. While physical health issues can impact mental health and exacerbate depressive symptoms, acute bronchitis is not a recognized risk factor for MDD.

C. The client has an elevated calcium level

Elevated calcium levels are not typically considered a risk factor for major depressive disorder. While imbalances in electrolytes like calcium can have physiological effects on the body, they are not directly linked to the development of depression.

D. The client is an only child

Being an only child is a demographic characteristic and is not considered a direct risk factor for major depressive disorder. While family dynamics and relationships can influence mental health, being an only child alone is not causally related to the development of depression.

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A nurse is caring for a client who has dementia and insists a doll is her infant child. Which of the following behavioral management techniques should the nurse use when interacting with the client?

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