A nurse is caring for a client who reports feeling stressed because they are unable to meet demands at work and care for a family member who is ill. The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following self-concept stressors?
Identity
Role performance
Body image
Self-esteem
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason : Identity refers to how individuals perceive themselves, including their beliefs, qualities, and expressions. It is the understanding of oneself as a distinct individual. In the context of the client's situation, while stress can impact one's sense of identity, the primary issue described does not directly relate to the client's identity but rather to their ability to fulfill expected roles.
Choice B reason : Role performance stressors arise when individuals feel they cannot meet the expectations associated with their social or work roles. In this case, the client is stressed due to the difficulty in balancing work responsibilities with the demands of caring for an ill family member. This indicates a conflict in role performance, as the client struggles to adequately fulfill the roles of both employee and caregiver.
Choice C reason : Body image pertains to one's perception of the physical self and the feelings associated with this perception. It includes how individuals view their own body and how they believe others perceive it. The client's stress does not stem from concerns about body image but from the pressures of their responsibilities.
Choice D reason : Self-esteem is the value one places on oneself, encompassing feelings of worthiness or unworthiness. It is influenced by various factors, including personal achievements and recognition from others. Although self-esteem can be affected by stress, the scenario provided specifically highlights the client's stress related to role fulfillment, not their self-worth.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason : The "Good boy-nice girl" orientation is part of Kohlberg's Conventional level of moral development. In this stage, individuals are motivated by the desire to maintain relationships and gain approval from others. They make decisions based on what will please others and show concern for others by being "nice." This stage does not typically involve challenging rules but rather adhering to them to maintain social harmony⁴.
Choice B reason : The "Punishment and obedience" orientation is the first stage of Kohlberg's Preconventional level. Here, the focus is on direct consequences to the individual : actions are judged as good if they help avoid punishment. This stage is characterized by a literal obedience to rules and authority to avoid negative consequences, not by challenging them⁴.
Choice C reason : The "Law and order" orientation is the fourth stage, also within the Conventional level. In this stage, individuals are oriented to abiding by the law and respecting authority. They believe in maintaining the social order by following rules and laws. Challenging rules is not a characteristic of this stage; instead, there is a focus on upholding laws as they are⁴.
Choice D reason : The "Social contract" orientation is part of the Postconventional level of moral development, specifically the fifth stage. Individuals in this stage believe that rules and laws are flexible instruments for furthering human purposes. They can argue for the legality or principle behind the rule and may challenge rules that infringe on the rights of individuals. They understand that laws are created by people and can be changed by them. This stage involves the recognition that individual rights sometimes need to be upheld over and above the law⁴.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason : Inability to form healthy relationships is not typically associated with fixation at the oral stage of development. Freud's theory suggests that this issue is more related to the Oedipal conflict during the phallic stage, where the individual's interactions with parental figures shape their future relationships.
Choice B reason : Feelings of shame are generally associated with the anal stage of Freud's psychosexual development, where the child's experiences with toilet training can lead to outcomes that manifest as either excessive orderliness or messiness in adulthood, rather than shame, which is not directly linked to the oral stage.
Choice C reason : Bedwetting is not a condition associated with the oral stage of development. It is more related to the anal stage, where issues of control and independence are central, and bedwetting can be a manifestation of conflicts around toilet training.
Choice D reason : Overeating is a classic example of an oral stage fixation. According to Freud, if an individual's needs are not properly met during the oral stage (0–1 years), they may develop habits such as overeating or smoking to satisfy the residual need for oral stimulation.
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