A nurse is assisting with teaching a class about sleep disorders. The nurse should include that which of the following conditions can cause central sleep apnea (CSA)?

Choice A reason : Denial is the first stage of the Kübler-Ross model of grief. In this stage, individuals believe the diagnosis is somehow mistaken, and cling to a false, preferable reality. It is a defense mechanism that buffers the immediate shock of the loss, numbing us to our emotions.

Choice B reason : Anger is the second stage of grief. As the masking effects of denial begin to wear off, reality and its pain re-emerge. The intense emotion is deflected from our vulnerable core, redirected and expressed instead as anger. The anger may be aimed at inanimate objects, complete strangers, friends, or family.

Choice C reason : Bargaining is the third stage. It involves the hope that the individual can avoid a cause of grief. Usually, the negotiation for an extended life is made with a higher power in exchange for a reformed lifestyle.

Choice D reason : Acceptance is the final stage of grief. In this stage, individuals embrace mortality or the inevitable future, or that of a loved one, or other tragic event. People dying may precede the survivors in this state, which typically comes with a calm, retrospective view for the individual, and a stable condition of emotions.

Choice A reason : While nasopharyngeal suctioning may be necessary to clear secretions, it should be done with the client's consent and in a manner that maintains their dignity. It is not the primary action to support dignity.

Choice B reason : Giving the client privacy during care is a fundamental way to support their dignity. It respects their personal space and autonomy, even in a vulnerable state.

Choice C reason : Demonstrating empathy is crucial in end-of-life care, as it acknowledges the client's feelings and experiences. However, it is not an action but rather an approach or attitude.

Choice D reason : Providing care with an optimistic attitude can be supportive, but it must be balanced with realism, especially in end-of-life situations where the focus is on comfort and dignity.

Choice E reason : Telling the client that their condition will improve may not be appropriate in end-of-life care, as it may not be truthful and could undermine trust.