A nurse is caring for a full-term newborn diagnosed with persistent/patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The newborn's caregiver asks the nurse, "What causes a PDA?" How will the nurse answer this question?

Choice A reason: A folic acid deficiency in the mother's diet during pregnancy is typically associated with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, rather than causing patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

Choice B reason: PDAs are not specifically more common in male newborns. This statement does not accurately reflect the risk factors associated with PDA.

Choice C reason: The statement about a 25% chance of having another baby with PDA is not accurate. While having one child with a heart defect may slightly increase the risk for subsequent children, the exact risk percentage varies and is not typically as high as 25%.

Choice D reason: A family history of heart defects is a known risk factor for PDA. Genetic predisposition can play a role in the occurrence of congenital heart defects, making this the correct answer.

Choice A reason: A red blood cell count of 4.5 million/cu mm is within the normal range for pregnant women. It does not indicate an immediate concern that needs to be reported to the healthcare provider. Normal red blood cell counts help ensure adequate oxygen transport in the body.

Choice B reason: A haematocrit level of 37% is also within the normal range for pregnant women. Haematocrit measures the proportion of red blood cells in the blood, and this level does not indicate an immediate concern. It is important for maintaining proper oxygen delivery and overall blood volume.

Choice C reason: Platelets 85,000/mm3 is significantly below the normal range (150,000-450,000/mm3). Low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) can lead to increased risk of bleeding and can be a sign of conditions like preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or other blood disorders. This is a critical finding that needs to be immediately reported to the healthcare provider for further evaluation and management to prevent potential complications.

Choice D reason: Haemoglobin level of 14 g/dL is within the normal range for pregnant women and indicates good oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It does not represent an immediate concern that would require urgent reporting to the healthcare provider. Maintaining proper haemoglobin levels is crucial for overall health and well-being.