A nurse is caring for a patient who has complete kidney failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Which treatment will the nurse anticipate for this patient?

Large amounts of intravenous (IV) fluids to manage their fluid volume deficit.

Potassium supplements to increase the serum potassium level.

Postmortem care since death is near.

Dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Large amounts of IV fluids are generally not used in ESRD because the kidneys cannot effectively remove excess fluids, potentially worsening fluid overload.

B. Potassium supplements are avoided, as ESRD patients often have elevated potassium levels due to reduced excretion, which can lead to dangerous cardiac complications.

C. While ESRD is serious, postmortem care is premature; many patients manage ESRD with appropriate treatment.

D. Dialysis or kidney transplantation is the standard treatment for ESRD to take over the functions that the kidneys can no longer perform, such as waste removal and fluid balance.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Atherosclerosis typically leads to vessel narrowing, but it does not specifically describe the formation of an aneurysm, which involves wall weakening and outpouching rather than just narrowing.

B. While a blood clot can be a complication of an AAA, it is not the primary cause of aneurysm formation. An AAA results from wall weakness rather than a clot.

C. Streptococcal bacteria are not related to the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms; aneurysms are associated with chronic conditions affecting the vascular wall, not bacterial infections.

D. Chronic hypertension contributes to the weakening of the arterial walls, leading to the formation of an aneurysm as the pressure causes the wall to bulge or outpouch. This correctly reflects the pathophysiology of AAA.

A. increase platelet adhesion to prevent plaque development. B. increase preload to increase cardiac workload. C. constrict coronary arteries to decrease ischemia. D. decrease afterload to maximize cardiac output (CO).

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Medications in unstable angina aim to prevent platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, not increase platelet adhesion.

B. Increasing preload would increase cardiac workload, which is counterproductive in managing unstable angina, as the goal is to reduce workload on the heart.

C. Constricting coronary arteries would worsen ischemia and exacerbate unstable angina, not help it.

D. Decreasing afterload (the resistance the heart must pump against) reduces the workload on the heart, helping to improve cardiac output and alleviate ischemia in unstable angina.

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