A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has osteoporosis. Which of the following should the nurse recognize as the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?

Autoimmune disorder affecting the bones

Buildup of inflammation in the joints

Increase in calcium levels in the blood

Bone loss in the cortical and cancellous bones

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A Reason: Autoimmune disorder affecting the bones

Osteoporosis is not an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders involve the immune system attacking the body’s own tissues, which is not the case with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is primarily characterized by a decrease in bone density and mass, leading to fragile bones.

Choice B Reason: Buildup of inflammation in the joints

While inflammation can affect bone health, osteoporosis is not primarily caused by inflammation in the joints. Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis involve joint inflammation, but osteoporosis involves the loss of bone density and strength, not joint inflammation.

Choice C Reason: Increase in calcium levels in the blood

An increase in calcium levels in the blood is not a characteristic of osteoporosis. In fact, osteoporosis often involves a decrease in bone calcium content, leading to weaker bones. Hypercalcemia, or high calcium levels in the blood, is associated with other conditions such as hyperparathyroidism.

Choice D Reason: Bone loss in the cortical and cancellous bones

This is the correct description of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis involves the loss of bone density in both the cortical (hard outer layer) and cancellous (spongy inner layer) bones. This loss leads to bones becoming brittle and more susceptible to fractures.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

There is a causal link between lying down after eating and the increased onset of GERD. Lying down can cause stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus, exacerbating GERD symptoms.

Choice B Reason:

Taking aspirin with GERD is not recommended. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can irritate the stomach lining and worsen GERD symptoms.

Choice C Reason:

This is the correct answer. Alcohol and caffeine can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus and aggravate GERD symptoms.

Choice D Reason:

There is no evidence to suggest that mercury-containing foods, such as some seafood, are linked to GERD. The primary dietary concerns for GERD involve foods and beverages that can relax the lower esophageal sphincter or increase stomach acid production.

A. The client should maintain systolic BP between 130 and 135 mm Hg. B. The client should maintain systolic BP between 141 and 145 mm Hg. C. The client should maintain systolic BP between 136 and 140 mm Hg. D. The client should maintain systolic BP between 120 and 129 mm Hg.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A Reason: The client should maintain systolic BP between 130 and 135 mm Hg

Maintaining a systolic BP between 130 and 135 mm Hg is higher than the recommended range for someone who has experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA). According to the American Heart Association, the goal for systolic BP in patients with a history of TIA or stroke should be lower to reduce the risk of recurrent events. While this range is not extremely high, it is still above the optimal target for secondary prevention.

Choice B Reason: The client should maintain systolic BP between 141 and 145 mm Hg

This range is significantly higher than the recommended target for systolic BP in patients with hypertension and a history of TIA. Elevated BP in this range increases the risk of recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular events. Effective BP management is crucial in reducing these risks, and maintaining a systolic BP in this range would not be advisable.

Choice C Reason: The client should maintain systolic BP between 136 and 140 mm Hg

Although this range is slightly lower than choice B, it is still above the optimal target for patients with a history of TIA. Research indicates that tighter BP control can significantly reduce the risk of recurrent strokes. Therefore, maintaining a systolic BP in this range would not be ideal for secondary prevention.

Choice D Reason: The client should maintain systolic BP between 120 and 129 mm Hg

This range aligns with the current guidelines for BP management in patients with a history of TIA or stroke. Maintaining a systolic BP between 120 and 129 mm Hg helps reduce the risk of recurrent cerebrovascular events4. This target is considered optimal for secondary prevention and is supported by evidence from various studies and clinical guidelines.

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A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has osteoporosis. Which of the following should the nurse recognize as the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is educating a client about the risk factors for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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