A nurse is conducting a physical examination of the musculoskeletal system of a client who reports having joint pain. Which signs indicate there is inflammation in the joints? Select all that apply.
subcutaneous nodules
crepitus
warmth
swelling
redness
tenderness
Correct Answer : C,D,E,F
A. Subcutaneous nodules are lumps or masses that can occur beneath the skin, sometimes seen in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
B. Crepitus refers to a crackling or popping sound heard or felt during joint movement. It is often associated with osteoarthritis or other joint conditions.
C. Warmth or increased temperature over the joint area is a common sign of inflammation. It occurs because inflammation increases blood flow to the affected area.
D. Swelling, or edema, is the accumulation of fluid in the joint space or surrounding tissues. It is a clear sign of inflammation and can be due to increased fluid production or leakage from blood vessels.
E. Redness, or erythema, around the joint is a result of increased blood flow to the area due to inflammation. It is often accompanied by warmth.
F. Tenderness refers to pain or discomfort in the joint area when touched or palpated. It indicates an inflammatory process in the joint.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Kyphosis is a condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a hunchbacked appearance. It often results from degenerative diseases, osteoporosis, or other spinal conditions.
B. Lordosis refers to an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine, often referred to as "swayback." This condition can be congenital or due to other factors like obesity or pregnancy.
C. Osteoporosis is a bone condition characterized by decreased bone density and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is particularly common in postmenopausal women due to decreased estrogen levels, which help maintain bone density.
D. Scoliosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to other conditions.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. The glossopharyngeal nerve is involved in several functions, including taste sensation on the posterior third of the tongue, salivation, and the sensation of the pharynx. It also plays a role in swallowing and gag reflex. However, it is not responsible for the movement of the jaw or clenching of the jaw.
B. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensation in the face and also controls the muscles of mastication (chewing). It has both sensory and motor functions. The motor branches of the trigeminal nerve, specifically the mandibular division, innervate the muscles that allow for jaw movement, including clenching.
C. The vagus nerve has a broad range of functions, including regulating heart rate, digestive tract motility, and some aspects of speech and swallowing. It does not control jaw movement or clenching, so it is not relevant to this observation.
D. The facial nerve controls the muscles of facial expression, including movements like smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. It is not involved in the motor control of the jaw or clenching actions.
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