A nurse is educating a pregnant client about TORCH infections. Which of the following TORCH infections can be transmitted to the fetus and cause congenital abnormalities?
Malaria
Trichomoniasis
HIV
Rubella
The Correct Answer is D
A. Malaria: Although malaria can cross the placenta and cause complications like low birth weight or miscarriage, it is not classified under the TORCH group of infections. TORCH specifically includes infections known to cause congenital abnormalities.
B. Trichomoniasis: Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection that may cause preterm labor but is not part of the TORCH group. It does not typically result in congenital anomalies in the fetus when transmitted during pregnancy.
C. HIV: HIV can be transmitted from mother to fetus, but it is not included in the TORCH acronym. While HIV poses serious risks, it is managed differently and is not primarily linked to structural congenital defects.
D. Rubella: Rubella is a key TORCH infection and is highly teratogenic, especially in the first trimester. It can lead to congenital rubella syndrome, causing deafness, cataracts, heart defects, and developmental delays in the fetus.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Hypotension and preterm labor: Gestational diabetes is more commonly associated with hypertension rather than hypotension. Although preterm labor can occur, it is not a direct or primary complication of GDM. These conditions are not typically linked with poor glucose control.
B. Placenta previa and fetal growth restriction: Placenta previa is related to abnormal placental implantation, not glucose regulation. Fetal growth restriction is more common in placental insufficiency, while GDM is often associated with fetal macrosomia due to excess glucose availability.
C. Hyperemesis gravidarum and anemia: Hyperemesis gravidarum usually occurs in early pregnancy and is related to hormonal changes, not diabetes. Anemia is common in pregnancy but is not directly caused by GDM. These are not typical maternal complications of gestational diabetes.
D. Polyhydramnios and hypertension: GDM can lead to polyhydramnios due to increased fetal urination in response to hyperglycemia. Hypertension is also more prevalent in clients with GDM due to vascular changes and increased metabolic stress. These are well-established maternal risks.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Congenital heart defects: While some environmental exposures may increase the risk of congenital anomalies, smoking is more closely linked with placental and growth complications rather than structural heart defects in the fetus.
B. Hearing loss: Hearing loss in newborns is commonly associated with infections, genetic conditions, or exposure to ototoxic medications. Maternal smoking has not been strongly linked to this outcome in pregnancy.
C. Type 1 diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition with a strong genetic component. Smoking during pregnancy does not contribute to the development of this chronic disease in infants.
D. Intrauterine growth restriction: Nicotine causes vasoconstriction and reduces placental perfusion, leading to decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery to the fetus. This significantly increases the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight.
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