A nurse is caring for a patient who is scheduled for a surgical procedure. The nurse is reviewing the patient’s electronic medical record.
Which of the following findings places the patient at risk for a surgical complication? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale
As people age, the stiffness of the arterial system increases, leading to left ventricle hypertrophy, increased afterload on the left ventricle, and an increase in systolic blood pressure. This is a physiological change that occurs with aging.
Choice B rationale
With aging, the number of cells in the kidneys decreases markedly, which can affect the functioning of the urinary tract, including the bladder. This can lead to a reduced bladder capacity.
Choice C rationale
This statement is incorrect. As people age, they often experience a decrease in visual acuity and an increased sensitivity to glare. This can make it more difficult for older adults to see, especially in brightly lit environments.
Choice D rationale
Dehydration of intervertebral discs is a common occurrence with aging. This can lead to a decrease in height and changes in the curvature of the spine.
Choice E rationale
As people age, their cough reflex can become reduced. This can increase the risk of aspiration and pneumonia, especially in individuals with other health conditions that affect swallowing.

Choice A rationale
Academic pressure is a psychological stressor, not a physiological one. It involves mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances, in this case, related to academic performance.
Choice B rationale
A burn injury is an example of a physiological stressor. Physiological stressors are related to physical or biological factors that strain the body’s resources. A burn injury places physical stress on the body as it tries to heal and recover.
Choice C rationale
Financial difficulties are a type of environmental stressor, not a physiological one. They involve external factors in a person’s environment that cause stress, such as financial problems or jobrelated stress.
Choice D rationale
A change in marital status is a type of psychosocial stressor, not a physiological one. It involves both psychological factors (such as emotions and behavior) and social factors (such as relationships and social interactions).