A nurse is planning a class for parents of school-age children about iron intake. Which of the following should the nurse include as a manifestation of iron deficiency?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly process an amino acid called phenylalanine. If left untreated, phenylalanine can build up to harmful levels in the body, leading to intellectual disability and other health problems. Managing PKU involves following a strict low-phenylalanine diet.

When discussing anticipatory guidance for a client with PKU who is planning a pregnancy, it is important to focus on monitoring the maternal phenylalanine levels during pregnancy. Serum bilirubin is not directly related to PKU management and would not require specific monitoring in this context.

Regarding the other options:

"Diet sodas should not be consumed more than two or three times per week": While it is generally advisable to limit the consumption of diet sodas due to their artificial sweeteners, this statement does not directly relate to PKU management or pregnancy planning.

"A low-protein diet should be followed for 3 months prior to conception": A low-protein diet is a fundamental aspect of managing PKU. However, the timeline mentioned (3 months prior to conception) is not supported by current guidelines. PKU management should be ongoing and tailored to the individual's needs, with dietary adjustments made as necessary throughout pregnancy.

"Breastfeeding will prevent your baby from developing PKU": This statement is incorrect. Breast milk naturally contains phenylalanine, which could be harmful to an infant with PKU. Infants with PKU must receive a specialized formula that is low in phenylalanine from birth. Breastfeeding is not recommended for infants with PKU unless specifically guided by a healthcare professional.

GERD is a chronic condition in which stomach acid and contents flow back into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. Obesity is a significant risk factor for developing GERD. The excess weight can put pressure on the stomach, causing the contents to reflux into the esophagus more easily. Additionally, obesity is associated with a higher prevalence of hiatal hernia, which can further contribute to the development of GERD

Crohn's disease, Peptic ulcer disease, and Celiac disease are not commonly associated with obesity:

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is not specifically associated with obesity but rather has complex genetic and environmental factors as its causes.

Peptic ulcer disease refers to the presence of open sores in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. While obesity may be a risk factor for gastric ulcers, the association is not as strong as with GERD.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is not directly related to obesity but is associated with a specific immune response to gluten in genetically susceptible individuals.