A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about evaluating a cardiac rhythm. Which of the following options should the nurse identify as the P wave in the ECG complex? (You will find hot spots to select in the artwork below. Select only the hot spot that corresponds to your answer.)

A. This description accurately depicts decorticate posturing. The characteristic feature of decorticate posturing is the flexion of the upper extremities (arms) and the extension of the lower extremities (legs). The internal rotation of the legs is often observed in this posture. This pattern is seen in severe brain damage, particularly involving the corticospinal tract.
B. External rotation of the arms is not characteristic of decorticate posturing. In decorticate posturing, the arms are flexed and positioned close to the body, with internal rotation being more typical. Therefore, this option does not accurately describe decorticate posturing.
C. Extension of the arms is more characteristic of decerebrate posturing rather than decorticate posturing. Decerebrate posturing involves the extension of both the arms and legs. Internal rotation of the arms is not a typical feature of decerebrate posturing, so this choice does not describe decorticate posturing.
D. Extension and external rotation of the arms describe decerebrate posturing rather than decorticate posturing. Decerebrate posturing is characterized by the extension of the arms and legs, not flexion. Therefore, this option does not describe decorticate posturing.

A. Elevating the head of the bed is a cornerstone of managing increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees promotes venous drainage from the brain, helping to reduce ICP.
B. A brightly lit environment can stimulate the patient and increase ICP. A calm, dark environment is preferred.
C. Fluid restriction, not encouragement, is often necessary to manage ICP. Excessive fluid can increase intracranial volume.
D. Controlled coughing and deep breathing are important for lung expansion but coughing and straining can increase ICP. Gentle breathing exercises are preferred.