A nurse is teaching about risk factors that increase the probability of coronary artery disease to a community group. Which risk factors will the nurse Include in the discussion? (Select All that Apply.)

A. History of smoking:

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Cigarette smoke contains harmful chemicals that damage blood vessels, promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and increase the risk of blood clots, all of which can lead to CAD, heart attacks, and strokes.

B. Body mass index (BMI) of 20:

While obesity and elevated BMI are risk factors for CAD, a BMI of 20 falls within the healthy weight range for most adults. However, it's important to note that BMI alone may not fully capture an individual's overall cardiovascular risk, as factors like body composition, waist circumference, diet, and physical activity level also contribute to heart health.

C. History of diabetes:

Diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, is a significant risk factor for CAD. Elevated blood sugar levels over time can damage blood vessels (atherosclerosis), increase inflammation, and contribute to other metabolic abnormalities that raise the risk of heart disease, including heart attacks and peripheral vascular disease.

D. Family history of coronary heart disease:

Having a family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) or premature heart attacks (before age 55 in men or before age 65 in women) increases the risk of developing CAD. Genetic factors play a role in the development of heart disease, and individuals with close relatives affected by CHD have a higher likelihood of developing similar conditions.

E. Female gender:

While gender can influence cardiovascular risk factors and presentation, being female alone is not considered a specific risk factor for CAD. However, women may have different risk profiles or risk factors compared to men, such as hormonal influences (e.g., menopause) and unique symptom presentation for heart disease.

F. Age greater than 45 years for men:

Advancing age is a significant risk factor for CAD, especially for men. Men aged 45 years and older are at increased risk compared to younger age groups due to factors such as the cumulative effects of risk factors over time, hormonal changes, and age-related changes in blood vessels and heart function.

A. Take the iron with dairy products to enhance absorption: This statement is incorrect. Calcium-rich foods, such as dairy products, can inhibit iron absorption. It's recommended to take iron supplements with vitamin C-rich foods or beverages to enhance iron absorption.

B. Limit foods high in fiber due to the risk for diarrhea: While some individuals may experience gastrointestinal side effects such as constipation or diarrhea when taking iron supplements, it is not generally recommended to limit foods high in fiber. Adequate fiber intake is important for overall digestive health.

C. Increase the intake of vitamin E to enhance absorption: Vitamin E does not directly enhance iron absorption. Vitamin C is the nutrient that enhances iron absorption, so increasing intake of vitamin C-rich foods or taking vitamin C supplements along with iron supplements can improve iron absorption.

D. Iron will cause the stools to darken in color: This statement is correct. Iron supplements can cause stools to become dark or even black in color. This is a harmless side effect known as "iron stools" and is caused by the reaction of iron with substances in the digestive tract.