A patient, who is admitted with diabetes mellitus, has a glucose level of 380 mg/dL and a moderate level of ketones in the urine. As the nurse assesses for signs of ketoacidosis, which respiratory pattern would the nurse expect to find?

Hypoventilation

Cheyne Stokes respirations

Kussmaul respirations

Central apnea

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Hypoventilation refers to shallow or slow breathing, which is not typically seen in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
B. Cheyne-Stokes respirations involve a pattern of alternating deep and shallow breaths, often seen in patients with neurological conditions or severe heart failure, not in DKA.
C. Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid breaths and are a classic sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This respiratory pattern is the body’s attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis, as seen in DKA, by blowing off CO2 to reduce acidity in the blood.
D. Central apnea refers to a cessation of breathing due to a failure of the brain to send signals to the respiratory muscles and is not associated with DKA.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. This statement describes a long-term reaction to a traumatic event, which is more consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rather than acute stress disorder (ASD), which occurs within 3 days to 4 weeks of a traumatic event.
B. This statement refers to dissociation related to a past trauma but doesn’t specifically indicate the timeframe for acute stress disorder, which typically involves symptoms that occur shortly after a trauma.
C. Acute stress disorder occurs within 3 days to 4 weeks of a traumatic event and can include symptoms like nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks. This statement is consistent with ASD, which is characterized by immediate reactions to a traumatic event.
D. This statement suggests long-term PTSD symptoms (such as flashbacks) after childhood trauma, not acute stress disorder. PTSD typically develops after the symptoms persist for more than a month.

A. Recent use of antibiotics B. Prolonged rehabilitation unit stay C. Current intensive care unit stay D. Recent surgical procedure

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Recent use of antibiotics is the greatest risk factor for developing C. difficile infection. Antibiotics disrupt the normal gut flora, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that cause severe diarrhea and colitis.
B. Prolonged rehabilitation stays can increase exposure to hospital-acquired infections but are not as strongly associated with C. difficile as antibiotic use.
C. Staying in the ICU can increase the risk for various infections, but it’s the antibiotic use commonly associated with ICU care that elevates C. difficile risk—not the ICU stay itself.
D. Recent surgery may raise infection risk in general, but it is not as specifically linked to C. difficile as antibiotic therapy is.

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A patient, who is admitted with diabetes mellitus, has a glucose level of 380 mg/dL and a moderate level of ketones in the urine. As the nurse assesses for signs of ketoacidosis, which respiratory pattern would the nurse expect to find?

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