A pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered:

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Immunocompromised pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia

Viral pneumonia

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after hospital admission is classified as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). It is caused by pathogens acquired in the hospital setting, often involving multidrug-resistant organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients who are intubated, have prolonged hospital stays, or have weakened immune defenses are at higher risk.

B. Immunocompromised pneumonia: Pneumonia in immunocompromised patients occurs due to weakened host defenses, such as in individuals with HIV/AIDS, those undergoing chemotherapy, or transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy. While these patients can develop HAP, pneumonia due to opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii or fungal infections is categorized separately.

C. Community-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia acquired outside the hospital or within the first 48 hours of admission is classified as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Typical pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. CAP is usually less resistant to antibiotics compared to HAP.

D. Viral pneumonia: Pneumonia caused by viral pathogens such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or SARS-CoV-2 is classified based on the causative agent rather than the setting in which it was acquired. Although viruses can cause both CAP and HAP, the classification of pneumonia is determined by the timing of onset and exposure risks.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Norepinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion but it also causes high blood pressure: This statement is misleading in the context of asthma. Norepinephrine primarily acts on alpha and beta receptors, influencing blood pressure and bronchodilation but is not the main mediator in asthma pathophysiology. The focus should be on inflammation and airway responsiveness.

B. Uncontrolled inflammation leads to increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eventual scarring: This statement accurately describes the pathophysiologic process in asthma. Persistent inflammation in asthma can cause increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, leading to airway narrowing and potential long-term remodeling and scarring of the airways if not controlled. Effective management is essential to prevent these adverse outcomes.

C. Immunoglobulin G causes smooth muscle contraction which will eventually weaken the respiratory muscles: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is primarily involved in allergic reactions and asthma, and it does not directly cause smooth muscle contraction that weakens respiratory muscles.

D. The release of epinephrine leads to development of cardiac dysrhythmias: While epinephrine can have cardiovascular effects, including increased heart rate and potential for dysrhythmias, this is not directly relevant to the pathophysiology of asthma. The focus in asthma management is on controlling airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction rather than on cardiac issues.

A. Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima B. Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall C. It increases nitric oxide D. It obstructs the vessel

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima: While atherosclerosis can affect the intima (the inner layer of the blood vessel), it primarily leads to plaque formation and vessel wall changes rather than causing ischemia directly in the intima. Ischemia typically refers to reduced blood supply to tissues.

B. Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall: Atherosclerosis leads to the formation of plaques that can erode and weaken the vessel wall over time. This weakening can create areas of localized dilation, leading to the development of aneurysms. The disruption of the structural integrity of the vessel wall due to atherosclerosis is a key factor in the formation of aneurysms.

C. It increases nitric oxide: Atherosclerosis is associated with impaired endothelial function, which typically results in reduced production of nitric oxide rather than an increase. Nitric oxide is a vasodilator that helps maintain vascular health, and its decrease contributes to vascular dysfunction.

D. It obstructs the vessel: While atherosclerosis can lead to vascular obstruction through plaque buildup, the direct relationship between atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation is more about the weakening and erosion of the vessel wall rather than simply obstructing it. Obstruction can lead to ischemia, but it is not the primary mechanism leading to aneurysm development.

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A pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered:

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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