A pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered:
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Immunocompromised pneumonia
Community-acquired pneumonia
Viral pneumonia
The Correct Answer is A
A. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after hospital admission is classified as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). It is caused by pathogens acquired in the hospital setting, often involving multidrug-resistant organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients who are intubated, have prolonged hospital stays, or have weakened immune defenses are at higher risk.
B. Immunocompromised pneumonia: Pneumonia in immunocompromised patients occurs due to weakened host defenses, such as in individuals with HIV/AIDS, those undergoing chemotherapy, or transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy. While these patients can develop HAP, pneumonia due to opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii or fungal infections is categorized separately.
C. Community-acquired pneumonia: Pneumonia acquired outside the hospital or within the first 48 hours of admission is classified as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Typical pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. CAP is usually less resistant to antibiotics compared to HAP.
D. Viral pneumonia: Pneumonia caused by viral pathogens such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or SARS-CoV-2 is classified based on the causative agent rather than the setting in which it was acquired. Although viruses can cause both CAP and HAP, the classification of pneumonia is determined by the timing of onset and exposure risks.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Myocardial ischemia: Myocardial ischemia contributes to ventricular remodeling by causing damage to the heart muscle, leading to changes in the size, shape, and function of the ventricles. The process involves cellular and molecular alterations in response to ischemic injury, ultimately resulting in adverse remodeling that can exacerbate heart failure.
B. Right ventricular failure: Right ventricular failure may occur as a consequence of other cardiac conditions but is not a direct contributor to ventricular remodeling. Instead, it is often a result of left-sided heart failure or pulmonary hypertension, making it secondary to the primary pathologic changes.
C. Left ventricular hypertrophy: Left ventricular hypertrophy can occur as a response to chronic pressure overload (such as hypertension) but is a result of ventricular remodeling rather than a direct contributor to the remodeling process itself. It may indicate underlying issues rather than cause them.
D. Contractile dysfunction: Contractile dysfunction reflects impaired heart muscle contraction but does not directly cause ventricular remodeling. While it can be a consequence of remodeling due to conditions like ischemia or heart failure, it does not initiate the remodeling process itself.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Inflammation: Inflammation refers to the body's immune response to injury or infection and does not specifically denote a temporary deprivation of blood supply to a cell. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain in the affected area.
B. Necrosis: Necrosis is the process of cell death that occurs when cells are irreversibly damaged, often due to a lack of blood supply or other injury. It is a consequence of prolonged ischemia rather than the temporary condition itself.
C. Infarction: Infarction refers to the death of tissue due to prolonged ischemia, resulting from an irreversible loss of blood supply. It indicates permanent damage and is not synonymous with a temporary deprivation of blood supply.
D. Ischemia: Ischemia is the term used to describe a temporary reduction in blood flow to a tissue or organ, resulting in a deficiency of oxygen and nutrients. This condition can lead to symptoms and may cause damage if prolonged, making it the correct answer for this scenario.
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