An imbalance in bone remodeling characteristic of osteoporosis is caused by:

A. Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, not formation. Increased osteoclast activity leads to excessive bone breakdown, not enhanced formation.

B. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation. In osteoporosis, osteoblast activity is not increased; rather, it is osteoclast activity that is dysregulated, leading to bone loss.

C. Enhanced bone formation is typically seen in conditions like osteopetrosis or during bone healing. Osteoporosis is characterized by an imbalance in favor of bone resorption, not formation.

D. Osteoporosis is characterized by increased bone resorption, which is primarily driven by osteoclast activity. This leads to a decrease in bone density and an increased risk of fractures.

A. Alkalemia refers to a condition in which the blood pH is higher than the normal range (7.35–7.45), specifically above 7.45. A pH of 7.5 indicates alkalemia, which is an increase in blood pH.

B. Alkalosis refers to a condition in which the body is in a state of alkalinity, but it is a broader term that can describe either metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalemia specifically refers to the pH measurement itself.

C. Acidosis refers to a condition in which the blood pH is lower than normal (below 7.35), indicating an excess of hydrogen ions or a deficiency of bicarbonate.

D. Acidemia refers to a condition in which the blood pH is below the normal range, indicating acidosis. A pH of 7.5 does not fall into this category.