An imbalance in bone remodeling characteristic of osteoporosis is caused by:

A. Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a low pH and a decrease in bicarbonate, but it is not typically associated with hypokalemia. In fact, acidosis may cause potassium to shift out of cells, increasing serum potassium levels.

B. Metabolic alkalosis is often associated with hypokalemia because the body compensates for alkalosis by shifting potassium into cells, leading to a lower serum potassium level. This is commonly seen with conditions like vomiting or the overuse of diuretics.

C. Hyperchloremia refers to elevated chloride levels, which may be associated with metabolic acidosis, but it is not directly linked to hypokalemia.

D. "None of the above" is incorrect because metabolic alkalosis is a known condition associated with hypokalemia.

A. Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, is caused by microvascular changes in the eye. Chronic high blood sugar can damage the small blood vessels in the retina, leading to visual impairment. This is the most common cause of visual impairment in people with long-standing diabetes.

B. Exophthalmos is typically associated with thyroid disorders, particularly Graves' disease, not diabetes.

C. Abnormal metabolism in the lens can lead to cataracts, but it is not the primary cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients.

D. Cataracts are more common in people with diabetes, but they are not the primary cause of visual impairment in diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy due to microvascular damage is the leading cause.