An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n)

A. Urine output will decrease: Vasodilation of efferent arterioles lowers glomerular pressure, leading to a lower GFR and reduced urine output.
B. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease: A wider efferent arteriole reduces resistance, decreasing the pressure inside the glomerulus, hence lowering GFR.
C. Systemic blood pressure will decrease: Local vasodilation of the efferent arteriole does not significantly affect systemic blood pressure. Systemic pressure is influenced more by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, not glomerular arteriole tone.
D. Net filtration pressure will decrease: Lower glomerular capillary pressure results in reduced net filtration pressure (NFP).

A. The kidneys are retroperitoneal: Kidneys lie behind the peritoneum, making them retroperitoneal organs.
B. The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder: The ureters transport urine from each kidney to the bladder.
C. The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females: The male urethra is significantly longer, due to its passage through the penis.
D. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity: This is incorrect-the right kidney is lower than the left due to the position of the liver. Also, kidneys are located in the upper abdomen, not the pelvic cavity.
E. The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney: True-the right kidney lies lower than the left because of the liver's size.