Auscultation of the heart sounds will result in a lubb-dupp sound when using the bell and the diaphragm of the stethoscope. The lub part of the sound is caused by the:

A. Infection. – Infection refers to the invasion of body tissues by microorganisms, while inflammation is the body’s response to injury or infection.

B. Ecchymosis. – Ecchymosis refers to bruising caused by blood leakage under the skin, not a protective response.

C. Erythema. – Erythema is redness of the skin due to increased blood flow, which is a symptom of inflammation but not the process itself.

D. Inflammation. – Inflammation is the body’s protective response to injury, infection, or irritation. It involves increased blood flow, immune cell activation, and chemical mediators to promote healing.

A. Prevent distortion of bowel sounds. – Palpation can stimulate peristalsis and alter bowel sounds, leading to inaccurate assessment findings.

B. Prevent distortion of vascular sounds. – While palpation might affect vascular sounds slightly, this is not the primary concern when assessing the abdomen.

C. Determine any areas of tenderness or pain. – While assessing for tenderness is important, auscultation precedes palpation primarily to avoid altering bowel sounds.

D. Allow the patient to relax and be comfortable. – While relaxation is beneficial, the sequence of assessment is based on maintaining accuracy in findings rather than patient comfort.