Charles, the nurse, is working in an emergency department and is assessing a preschool-age child who reports abdominal pain. Which of the following findings should alert the nurse to possible abuse (select all that apply)

A. "Behavioral disruptive disorders result in difficulty controlling emotions and behaviors that are often manifested in acts of aggression." Defines the characteristic features of these disorders. Behavioral disruptive disorders, such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, involve persistent patterns of disruptive behavior, defiance, and aggression.

B. "Behavioral disruptive disorders are generally diagnosed in children and adolescents who often outgrow the behaviors later in life." Incorrect; these behaviors may persist into adulthood.

C. "Disruptive behavioral disorders are generally first diagnosed in early young adulthood." Typically diagnosed earlier in childhood or adolescence.

D. "Behavioral disruptive disorders are characterized by acts of self-directed harm and aggression." Self-directed harm is not a primary feature of disruptive behavior disorders.

A. The child was not promoted to the next grade: Academic performance alone does not directly correlate with conduct disorder.

B. The child moved to three new homes over a two-year period: Transience can contribute to instability but is not a direct risk factor for conduct disorder.

C. The child's best friend was absent from the child's birthday party: Social relationships are important, but absence from a birthday party is not a significant risk factor for conduct disorder.

D. The child has been raised by a parent who has recurring major depressive disorder. Exposure to parental mental illness, such as major depressive disorder, can create stressful family environments that contribute to the development of conduct disorder.