Clinical judgment involves reasoning and interpretations. All of the following are types of reasoning except:

Choice A reason: The formal approach is characterized by structured, official interactions between healthcare professionals and patients. In this scenario, Jim RN is formally reviewing medication changes with the patient, which is a standard procedure before discharge.

Choice B reason: Self-directed learning is when individuals take the initiative to seek out learning opportunities and resources on their own. This does not apply to the scenario where Jim RN is guiding the patient.

Choice C reason: Patient-RN interaction can be formal or informal, but the term itself does not specify the approach. In this context, Jim RN's action is part of his professional duties, making it a formal approach.

Choice D reason: Traditional approaches to patient education may vary, but they often involve less direct interaction and more reliance on printed materials or lectures. In this case, the one-on-one session indicates a formal approach.

Choice A reason:

Error reporting free from penalty is essential for a culture of safety. It encourages staff to report mistakes without fear of retribution, allowing for the identification and correction of system issues that could lead to errors.

Choice B reason:

Hazing a coworker is not an example of creating a culture of safety. It is a harmful practice that undermines trust and respect, which are crucial for a safe work environment.

Choice C reason:

Becoming a mentor to a new nurse is a positive example of creating a culture of safety. Mentorship supports the development of competence and confidence, which contributes to safer patient care.

Choice D reason:

Open communication and clear expectations are fundamental to a culture of safety. They ensure that everyone understands their roles and responsibilities and feels comfortable speaking up about concerns.