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Differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 is best described as:

A.

Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy beta cells in the pancreas

B.

Need for lifelong insulin injections

C.

Increase of glucagon secretion from beta cells of the pancreas

D.

Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy beta cells in the pancreas: This describes the autoimmune process characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus, where the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency.

B. Need for lifelong insulin injections: Lifelong insulin therapy is typically required in Type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency. Many individuals with Type 2 diabetes can manage their condition initially with lifestyle changes and oral medications.

C. Increase of glucagon secretion from beta cells of the pancreas: Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells, not beta cells, in the pancreas. Dysregulation of glucagon contributes to hyperglycemia but is not a defining feature distinguishing Type 2 diabetes.

D. Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues: Type 2 diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, where muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels despite normal or increased insulin production. This resistance is a hallmark feature distinguishing it from Type 1 diabetes.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Calcium carbonate: This is commonly used as a phosphate binder in patients with renal failure and hyperphosphatemia. It works by binding dietary phosphate in the gut, reducing its absorption, and thereby helping to lower serum phosphate levels.

B. Sensipar (Cinacalcet): Cinacalcet is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease. It works by increasing the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland to lower PTH levels.

C. Levothyroxine: This is a synthetic thyroid hormone used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. It does not have any role in managing phosphate levels in renal failure patients.

D. Vitamin D (Calcitriol): Calcitriol helps manage hypocalcemia and suppresses parathyroid hormone secretion in CKD. However, it may increase phosphate absorption from the gut, potentially worsening hyperphosphatemia if not carefully monitored.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Low-residue diet predisposes to colon diverticula: A low-fiber (low-residue) diet leads to harder stools and increased intraluminal pressure during bowel movements, which promotes the formation of diverticula, especially in the sigmoid colon.

B. Diverticulum may become infected, causing diverticulitis: When fecal material becomes trapped in a diverticulum, it can lead to localized infection and inflammation known as diverticulitis, which may cause pain, fever, or even abscess formation.

C. Ulceration of lining of diverticula caused by fecal material in the diverticula may cause bleeding from the ulcerated diverticulum: Trapped fecal matter can irritate and ulcerate the mucosal lining of diverticula, leading to localized bleeding, which may be seen as rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.

D. Diverticula predispose to colon carcinoma: Diverticulosis is not considered a premalignant condition. Although both conditions may coexist in older adults, the presence of diverticula does not increase the risk of colon cancer.

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