Early signs and symptoms you would expect a person with type 1 diabetes to exhibit include:

Choice A reason: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic islet cells (also known as beta cells) that produce insulin. This autoimmune process leads to a severe lack of insulin in the body. Insulin is essential for regulating blood glucose levels, and without it, glucose cannot enter the cells and remains in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia. This destruction of insulin-producing cells is the fundamental defect in type 1 diabetes.

Choice B reason: Resistance of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, and the pancreas may eventually fail to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels, but the underlying mechanism is different from the autoimmune destruction seen in type 1 diabetes.

Choice C reason: Stimulation by food intake of glucose production resulting in increased insulin production is not a defining feature of type 1 diabetes. While the intake of food does lead to glucose production and a subsequent need for insulin, this mechanism is part of normal physiology and is not specific to any type of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes specifically involves the lack of insulin production due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells.

Choice D reason: Decreased production of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus is not related to the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating various hormonal processes, but type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune disorder affecting the pancreas. The destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas is the key issue in type 1 diabetes.

Choice A reason: Exercise has been shown to decrease the cardiovascular effects of excessive glucose. Regular physical activity helps improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, improving cholesterol levels, and enhancing blood flow. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, exercise can help lower blood glucose levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications, which are common in diabetes due to chronic high blood glucose levels.

Choice B reason: Skeletal muscles can indeed use glucose without a proportionate insulin amount during exercise. This is because exercise increases insulin sensitivity and allows muscles to take up glucose more efficiently. As a result, physical activity can help lower blood glucose levels and improve overall glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Choice C reason: Exercise decreases stress, which is beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps release endorphins, which are natural stress relievers. Lower stress levels can help improve blood glucose control, as stress hormones like cortisol can raise blood glucose levels. Therefore, reducing stress through exercise can contribute to better diabetes management.

Choice D reason: All of the above reasons are correct. Exercise is encouraged in type 2 diabetes because it provides multiple benefits, including improving cardiovascular health, enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscles, and reducing stress levels. These combined effects help improve overall blood glucose control and reduce the risk of complications associated with type 2 diabetes.