Emily, a 50-year-old woman with a past medical history of asthma and GERD, reports irritation and a burning sensation in her airway. Which of the following defense mechanisms is likely compromised?

Reflex bronchoconstriction

Mucocillary clearance system

Filtration of air

Alveolar macrophages

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   Reflex bronchoconstriction is a defense mechanism that helps protect the airway during exposure to irritants or allergens, but it wouldn't typically lead to irritation and burning sensation.
B.   The mucociliary clearance system, which helps remove particles and pathogens from the airway by moving mucus upward via ciliary action, is likely compromised in Emily, leading to accumulation of irritants and subsequent symptoms.
C.   Filtration of air occurs primarily in the upper respiratory tract and is not directly related to irritation and burning sensation in the airway.
D.   Alveolar macrophages are primarily involved in defense against pathogens in the alveoli of the lungs and are not directly related to irritation and burning sensation in the airway.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Tonsillitis presents with sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and inflamed tonsils, but it is not typically associated with ear pain, tenderness behind the ear, or a history of recurrent ear infections.
B. Allergic rhinitis typically presents with nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy, watery eyes, but it does not cause chronic ear pain or tenderness behind the ear.
C. Chronic ear pain, tenderness behind the ear, and a history of recurrent ear infections suggest dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, which can lead to fluid accumulation and pressure changes in the middle ear.
D. Labyrinthitis presents with vertigo, nausea, and hearing loss, which are not mentioned in Susan's symptoms.

A. The baby has passive acquired immunity. B. The baby has natural active immunity. C. The baby's immunity is still underdeveloped and is at risk. D. The baby has inherited natural immunity from the mother.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Passive immunity is typically acquired through maternal antibodies passed to the baby during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and will protect against viral infections.
B. Active immunity is developed by the body after exposure to an antigen. Since the baby hasn't been exposed to the virus yet, this option is not applicable.
C. Infants have an immature immune system. However, they rely on passive immunity from maternal antibodies and vaccinations to protect against infections.
D. Infants inherit passive acquired immunity from the mother and not natural immunity.

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Emily, a 50-year-old woman with a past medical history of asthma and GERD, reports irritation and a burning sensation in her airway. Which of the following defense mechanisms is likely compromised?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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