Emma, a 32-year-old female diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, is learning about antibodies. Which of the following actions can antibodies perform to neutralize harmful - antigens in Emma's body? Select all that apply.

Inflicting mechanical damage on the antigen

Initiating the complement system

Emitting chemicals that modify the antigen's environment

Targeting the antigen's cellular nucleus

Constructing molecular chains to remove the antigen

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C

A. Antibodies don't typically cause physical damage to antigens.

B.   Antibodies can initiate the complement system, which is a cascade of proteins that can lyse or opsonize antigens.
C.   Antibodies can also emit chemicals that modify the antigen's environment, such as cytokines or histamine, which can attract other immune cells or cause inflammation.
D.   Antibodies typically target specific proteins or structures on the antigen's surface, not the cellular nucleus.
E.   This action doesn't accurately describe the function of antibodies.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Alveolar macrophages are involved in immune defense within the lungs but are not directly responsible for bronchospasm.
B. This system helps remove mucus and trapped particles from the airways but does not directly cause bronchospasm.

C. Exposure to cold air can trigger reflex bronchoconstriction as a protective mechanism to prevent the entry of cold air into the lungs.
D. Filtration of air occurs primarily in the upper airways and does not directly relate to bronchospasm triggered by cold air inhalation.

A. Release of enzymes that irritate the tissues. B. Edema compressing nerve endings. C. Heat generated during the process of lysis. D. Accumulation of acidic waste from dying cells.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. This mechanism is more relevant in conditions like pancreatitis or tissue injury involving enzyme release, not specifically in traumatic inflammation.
B. Inflammation leads to increased vascular permeability and fluid accumulation (edema), which can compress nerve endings and cause pain.
C. Lysis refers to the breakdown of cells, which may release heat, but this is not typically a significant factor in localized inflammation from trauma.
D. Acidic waste accumulation occurs in cell death processes like necrosis, but it's not the primary mechanism causing pain in traumatic inflammation.

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Emma, a 32-year-old female diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, is learning about antibodies. Which of the following actions can antibodies perform to neutralize harmful - antigens in Emma's body? Select all that apply.

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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