Emma, a 32-year-old female diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, is learning about antibodies. Which of the following actions can antibodies perform to neutralize harmful - antigens in Emma's body? Select all that apply.

Inflicting mechanical damage on the antigen

Initiating the complement system

Emitting chemicals that modify the antigen's environment

Targeting the antigen's cellular nucleus

Constructing molecular chains to remove the antigen

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C

A. Antibodies don't typically cause physical damage to antigens.

B.   Antibodies can initiate the complement system, which is a cascade of proteins that can lyse or opsonize antigens.
C.   Antibodies can also emit chemicals that modify the antigen's environment, such as cytokines or histamine, which can attract other immune cells or cause inflammation.
D.   Antibodies typically target specific proteins or structures on the antigen's surface, not the cellular nucleus.
E.   This action doesn't accurately describe the function of antibodies.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. This position can lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and is not recommended for patients with head injuries.
B. Elevating the head of the bed helps promote venous drainage from the brain, reducing intracranial pressure.
C. This position is not typically used for patients with head injuries, as it may not provide optimal cerebral perfusion.
D. This position can compromise venous drainage from the brain and is not recommended for patients with head injuries.

A. 15 to 20 mm Hg B. 20 to 25 mm Hg C. 10 to 15 mm Hg D. 25 to 30 mm Hg

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. A CO2 level lower than 20 mm Hg can cause cerebral vasoconstriction and ischemia.

B. The target CO2 level for patients with closed head injury is 20 to 25 mm Hg, which corresponds to a mild hypocapnia that reduces intracranial pressure and improves cerebral blood flow.
C. A CO2 level lower than 20 mm Hg can cause cerebral vasoconstriction and ischemia.
D. A CO2 level higher than 25 mm Hg can increase intracranial pressure and worsen brain edema.

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Emma, a 32-year-old female diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, is learning about antibodies. Which of the following actions can antibodies perform to neutralize harmful - antigens in Emma's body? Select all that apply.

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Brian, 22, has a right-sided closed head injury and is unconscious. Which position would be best for him?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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Explanation

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