Exhibits

Based on the client's diagnosis, which results does the nurse expect in the blood gas? Select all that apply

• Place the call light within the client's reach. The client has undergone surgery on the left hemisphere of the brain, which controls speech and motor function on the right side. This may lead to temporary weakness or speech difficulties, making it essential to ensure easy access to the call light for assistance.
• Use a word board to help the client communicate. Damage to the left hemisphere can result in Broca aphasia, where the client has difficulty producing speech but can still understand language. A word board or communication aid allows the client to express needs effectively despite speech limitations.
• Cerebral perfusion pressure. Monitoring cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is essential after brain surgery to ensure the brain is receiving adequate blood flow. Low CPP can lead to ischemia, while high CPP may indicate increased intracranial pressure (ICP), both of which can result in serious complications.
• Level of consciousness. Assessing neurological status frequently helps detect early signs of deterioration, such as worsening intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, or postoperative bleeding. Changes in alertness, responsiveness, or confusion may indicate a need for urgent intervention.
• Broca aphasia. Since the left hemisphere controls speech production, surgery in this area may cause Broca aphasia, where the client understands language but struggles to form words or complete sentences. The use of alternative communication methods is necessary to assist the client in expressing their needs.
• Prepare the client to return to surgery. There is no indication of complications requiring an immediate return to the operating room. The estimated blood loss (100 mL) is minimal, and vital signs remained stable throughout the procedure.
• Give ibuprofen as ordered. Ibuprofen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug - NSAID) is contraindicated postoperatively because it can increase the risk of bleeding by inhibiting platelet function. Acetaminophen is typically preferred for pain control.
• Elevate the head of the bed to 45 degrees. After brain surgery, the head of the bed should be elevated to 30 degrees, not 45 degrees. This optimizes cerebral venous drainage while preventing excessive intracranial pressure (ICP) changes that could impair perfusion.
• White blood cell count. WBC count may be monitored for infection, but immediate concerns after brain surgery focus on neurological status and cerebral perfusion rather than infection unless symptoms of fever or worsening condition develop.
• Pupil response. While pupil assessment is a key neurological parameter, it is more relevant for clients at risk of brain herniation or severe ICP elevation. In this case, monitoring level of consciousness and cerebral perfusion pressure takes priority.
• Deep tendon reflexes. Reflex testing is not a primary concern after brain surgery unless there are signs of spinal cord involvement or a progressive neurological disorder. Monitoring motor function and speech ability is more relevant.
• Myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness but is unrelated to brain tumor removal.
• Cushing response. Cushing's response is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), characterized by hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations. The client has no signs of worsening ICP at this time.
• Hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation, which typically requires a shunt or external ventricular drain (EVD). There is no indication of CSF buildup in this client.

A. Allow the family to touch and talk to the client. Family presence can provide emotional support for both the client and loved ones. Even though the client is sedated and has a low GCS, familiar voices and touch may reduce stress and anxiety. Allowing family interaction fosters comfort and connection during a critical time.
B. Reassess the client's vascular access. Maintaining secure and functional vascular access is essential for administering fluids, medications, and emergency interventions. Before transport, the nurse should confirm IV patency, ensure secure connections, and assess for signs of infiltration or malfunction. Trauma patients may require additional or larger bore IV access for fluid resuscitation or transfusion.
C. Assess neurological vital signs every 15 minutes. Frequent neurological assessments are crucial in head trauma patients with a low GCS to monitor for signs of worsening intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, or herniation. Changes in pupil response, motor function, or vital signs may indicate neurological deterioration requiring urgent intervention. Monitoring trends over time is necessary for early detection of complications.
D. Administer ophthalmic ointment. Clients with a low GCS often have impaired blinking, placing them at risk for corneal abrasions and dryness. Applying ophthalmic lubricant or artificial tears protects the cornea from injury and promotes eye health. Preventing exposure keratitis is essential in unconscious or sedated clients to avoid long-term ocular damage.
E. Apply soft bilateral wrist restraints for transport. Restraints are unnecessary because the client is sedated, intubated, and has a GCS of 6, meaning they cannot attempt self-extubation or interfere with care. Restraints should only be used if the client demonstrates a risk of harm. Standard transport protocols prioritize sedation and safety measures over restraints unless specifically required.