How do we measure inflammation? (Select all that apply)
Red blood cells (RBC)
White blood cells (WBC)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Fever
Correct Answer : B,C,D
Choice A reason: Red blood cells are not a direct measure of inflammation; they assess anemia or oxygen-carrying capacity. Inflammation is measured by WBC, ESR, and fever, which reflect immune activity and systemic response, so this is incorrect for inflammation measurement.
Choice B reason: White blood cells (WBC) increase during inflammation (leukocytosis), indicating immune activation. This is a standard laboratory measure of inflammatory processes, making it a correct choice for assessing inflammation in clinical practice.
Choice C reason: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measures how quickly red blood cells settle, rising with inflammation due to increased proteins. It’s a common marker for inflammatory conditions, making it a correct selection for measuring inflammation.
Choice D reason: Fever is a clinical sign of inflammation, driven by cytokines like IL-6. It’s a systemic response measured via temperature, making it a correct choice for assessing inflammation alongside laboratory markers like WBC and ESR.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: The egg would not stay the same size, as ocean water is hypertonic (higher salinity) compared to Lake Michigan’s fresh water. Osmotic differences drive water movement into the egg, causing swelling, making this an incorrect prediction.
Choice B reason: “None of the above” is incorrect, as the egg will swell due to osmosis. Fresh water in Lake Michigan has lower solute concentration than the egg’s cytoplasm, causing water influx, making this an invalid choice.
Choice C reason: The sea star egg will swell in Lake Michigan’s fresh water, which is hypotonic to the egg’s hypertonic cytoplasm. Water moves into the egg via osmosis, increasing its volume, making this the correct prediction for the egg’s response.
Choice D reason: The egg would shrink in a hypertonic environment, like concentrated saltwater, not fresh water. Lake Michigan’s hypotonic fresh water causes water influx, not loss, making shrinking an incorrect outcome for the egg.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Insulin autoantibodies destroying beta cells characterize Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune condition causing insulin deficiency. Type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative insulin insufficiency, not autoantibody-mediated beta cell destruction, making this an incorrect description.
Choice B reason: Lifelong insulin injections are typical in Type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 patients may manage with lifestyle changes, oral medications, or insulin later, but it’s not a defining feature, making this incorrect.
Choice C reason: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in tissues like muscle and liver, reducing glucose uptake despite normal or elevated insulin levels. This, with eventual beta cell dysfunction, defines the disease, making this the correct description.
Choice D reason: Increased glucagon secretion from alpha cells, not beta cells, may occur in diabetes, but it’s not the primary feature of Type 2. Insulin resistance is the hallmark, with beta cells producing insulin, making this an incorrect description.
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