How do we measure inflammation? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Platelet plug formation (activation, adhesion, aggregation) is a key hemostasis stage, initiating clotting. Hypercoagulability is a pathological state, not a normal stage, so this is incorrect as the exception.

Choice B reason: Blood coagulation, forming a fibrin clot, is a core hemostasis stage, stabilizing the platelet plug. Hypercoagulability is not a standard stage, so this is incorrect for the exception.

Choice C reason: Hypercoagulability is a pathological condition increasing clotting risk, not a normal hemostasis stage. Vessel spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation are standard stages, making this the correct exception.

Choice D reason: Vessel spasm (vasoconstriction) is the initial hemostasis stage, reducing blood flow to the injury. Hypercoagulability is not a stage, so this is incorrect as the exception.

Choice A reason: Insulin autoantibodies destroying beta cells characterize Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune condition causing insulin deficiency. Type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative insulin insufficiency, not autoantibody-mediated beta cell destruction, making this an incorrect description.

Choice B reason: Lifelong insulin injections are typical in Type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 patients may manage with lifestyle changes, oral medications, or insulin later, but it’s not a defining feature, making this incorrect.

Choice C reason: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in tissues like muscle and liver, reducing glucose uptake despite normal or elevated insulin levels. This, with eventual beta cell dysfunction, defines the disease, making this the correct description.

Choice D reason: Increased glucagon secretion from alpha cells, not beta cells, may occur in diabetes, but it’s not the primary feature of Type 2. Insulin resistance is the hallmark, with beta cells producing insulin, making this an incorrect description.