Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketoic (HHNK) is an acute complication of:

Choice A reason: Type 2 diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This means that glucose cannot enter the cells efficiently, leading to high blood sugar levels. Additionally, there may be a suboptimal amount of insulin produced by the pancreas. Together, these factors contribute to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.

Choice B reason: While individuals with type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk for infections due to high blood sugar levels affecting immune function, infection itself is not the root cause of type 2 diabetes. The primary issue in type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.

Choice C reason: White blood cells (WBC) play a key role in the immune system. Type 2 diabetes does not primarily arise from issues with WBCs. However, high blood sugar levels can impair the function of WBCs, increasing the risk of infections in diabetic individuals.

Choice D reason: Red blood cells (RBC) are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Type 2 diabetes is not directly related to problems with RBCs. Instead, it is an issue with insulin and blood sugar regulation. While high blood sugar can affect various body functions, the primary problem lies in insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.

Choice A reason: Alpha cells of the pancreas do not produce insulin. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Therefore, the absence of alpha cells would not affect insulin secretion.

Choice B reason: The primary function of alpha cells in the pancreas is to produce and secrete glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. Without alpha cells, the body would not be able to secrete glucagon, leading to issues with glucose regulation.

Choice C reason: Somatostatin and gastrin are not secreted by alpha cells. Somatostatin is produced by delta cells of the pancreas and other parts of the digestive system, while gastrin is primarily produced by G cells in the stomach lining. Therefore, the absence of alpha cells would not affect the secretion of somatostatin and gastrin.

Choice D reason: Pancreatic polypeptides are produced by PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide cells) in the pancreas. The absence of alpha cells would not impact the secretion of pancreatic polypeptides.