Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketoic (HHNK) is an acute complication of:

Choice A reason: Exercise has been shown to decrease the cardiovascular effects of excessive glucose. Regular physical activity helps improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, improving cholesterol levels, and enhancing blood flow. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, exercise can help lower blood glucose levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications, which are common in diabetes due to chronic high blood glucose levels.

Choice B reason: Skeletal muscles can indeed use glucose without a proportionate insulin amount during exercise. This is because exercise increases insulin sensitivity and allows muscles to take up glucose more efficiently. As a result, physical activity can help lower blood glucose levels and improve overall glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Choice C reason: Exercise decreases stress, which is beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps release endorphins, which are natural stress relievers. Lower stress levels can help improve blood glucose control, as stress hormones like cortisol can raise blood glucose levels. Therefore, reducing stress through exercise can contribute to better diabetes management.

Choice D reason: All of the above reasons are correct. Exercise is encouraged in type 2 diabetes because it provides multiple benefits, including improving cardiovascular health, enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscles, and reducing stress levels. These combined effects help improve overall blood glucose control and reduce the risk of complications associated with type 2 diabetes.

Choice A reason: The overall goal of treatment for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range and prevent complications. While the strategies to achieve these goals may differ, the ultimate objectives are similar for both types of diabetes.

Choice B reason: The treatment for type 1 diabetes primarily involves insulin therapy, as the body cannot produce insulin. In contrast, type 2 diabetes treatment often starts with lifestyle changes and oral medications to improve insulin sensitivity and control blood glucose levels. Insulin therapy may be required later in the course of type 2 diabetes if other treatments are insufficient.

Choice C reason: Both types of diabetes are diagnosed using similar criteria, including measuring blood glucose levels through fasting blood glucose tests, oral glucose tolerance tests, and HbA1c levels. The diagnosis process itself is not a major differentiating factor between the two types.

Choice D reason: The potential long-term complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are similar and include cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and other complications related to prolonged high blood glucose levels. While the risk factors and progression may vary, the types of complications are not significantly different between the two conditions.