Identify the type of fracture below.
Stress.
Comminuted.
Oblique.
Pathologic.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A rationale
A stress fracture is a tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive stress or force, often from overuse, rather than a single traumatic event. The image depicts a fracture pattern that is not consistent with the subtle, often hairline nature of a typical stress fracture.
Choice B rationale
A comminuted fracture involves the bone breaking into three or more fragments. While the image shows significant bone damage, it does not clearly depict multiple distinct fragments as seen in a comminuted fracture, which would be shattered into many pieces.
Choice C rationale
An oblique fracture occurs at an angle to the bone's long axis, typically resulting from a twisting force. The image shows a fracture that extends through the bone due to underlying disease, not a simple angular break characteristic of an oblique fracture.
Choice D rationale
A pathologic fracture occurs when a bone breaks due to an underlying disease or condition that weakens the bone, such as osteoporosis, cancer, or infection, rather than from significant trauma. The image illustrates a bone weakened by disease, leading to a fracture.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Sinus rhythm is characterized by a regular heart rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute, a P wave preceding every QRS complex, and a consistent PR interval. The rhythm strip shown does not meet the criteria for a normal sinus rhythm due to a prolonged PR interval, indicating a conduction delay.
Choice B rationale
Sinus rhythm with first-degree AV block is identified by a regular sinus rhythm with a prolonged PR interval (greater than 0.20 seconds). This indicates a delay in electrical impulse conduction from the atria to the ventricles through the AV node, but all atrial impulses are still conducted.
Choice C rationale
STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) is characterized by significant ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram, indicating acute myocardial injury. This specific rhythm strip does not display the characteristic ST-segment elevation associated with a STEMI.
Choice D rationale
NSTEMI (non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) is typically characterized by ST-segment depression, T-wave inversion, or non-specific ST-T wave changes, without persistent ST-segment elevation. The provided rhythm strip does not exhibit these specific ischemic changes.
Correct Answer is []
Explanation
Rationale for correct condition
The client’s episodic wheezing, chest tightness, and nocturnal dry cough are classic signs of asthma. Use of accessory muscles and bilateral inspiratory and expiratory wheezing support airway obstruction typical in asthma. The absence of fever, crackles, or peripheral edema excludes infection or heart failure. The client’s history of GERD can exacerbate asthma symptoms via microaspiration and airway irritation. The rapid onset and progression over two days also favor asthma exacerbation over chronic conditions.
Rationale for correct actions
Administering a bronchodilator targets bronchospasm by relaxing airway smooth muscle via beta-2 adrenergic receptor stimulation, improving airflow and oxygenation. Bronchodilators rapidly reduce airway resistance, alleviating wheezing and dyspnea. Measuring peak expiratory flow quantifies airway obstruction severity, guiding treatment efficacy. Peak flow monitoring detects airflow limitation changes, enabling timely adjustments in therapy to prevent deterioration.
Rationale for correct parameters
Oxygen saturation reflects gas exchange efficiency, with normal range 95-100%; levels below 92% indicate hypoxemia requiring intervention. Monitoring saturation ensures oxygen therapy adequacy and early detection of respiratory failure. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) objectively measure airway obstruction severity and reversibility, essential in asthma diagnosis and monitoring. PFTs detect changes in forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), indicating bronchoconstriction or improvement.
Rationale for incorrect conditions
COPD typically affects older smokers with chronic productive cough and progressive symptoms, unlike this nonsmoker with acute onset. Pneumonia presents with fever, productive cough, and focal lung findings such as crackles, absent here. Pulmonary edema involves fluid overload signs like peripheral edema and crackles, not observed in this client.
Rationale for incorrect actions
Teaching pursed-lip breathing is more beneficial in COPD to reduce air trapping, less effective in acute asthma. Antibiotics are not indicated without infection evidence, as this is a noninfectious exacerbation. Diuretics treat fluid overload in pulmonary edema, irrelevant in asthma.
Rationale for incorrect parameters
Temperature monitoring is not primary here, as no infection signs are present. Urine output assesses renal function or fluid status, not respiratory status. Weight monitoring is relevant in chronic heart failure management but not acute asthma.
Take home points
- asthma presents with episodic wheezing and nocturnal cough, often triggered by irritants
- bronchodilators and peak flow monitoring are critical in managing asthma exacerbations
- oxygen saturation and pulmonary function tests guide treatment effectiveness
- differentiate asthma from COPD, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema by clinical presentation and history
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