If a woman who is HIV positive takes antiretroviral therapy (ART) throughout her pregnancy, what is the approximate risk of transmitting the virus to the child?

Choice A reason: This statement is incorrect, as aspirin is contraindicated in children under 18 years of age due to the risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but serious condition that affects the liver and brain. The nurse should use other methods to reduce the fever, such as acetaminophen, tepid sponge baths, or cooling blankets.

Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect, as hospital-acquired sepsis is unlikely in a 3-day-old infant, unless the infant was exposed to invasive procedures or devices, such as catheters, ventilators, or surgery. The nurse should consider other sources of infection, such as the maternal genital tract, the umbilical cord, or the skin.

Choice C reason: This statement is incorrect, as blood pressure is not an early indicator of sepsis, but a late sign of shock. The nurse should monitor the infant for other signs of sepsis, such as temperature instability, tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, poor feeding, irritability, or hypoglycemia.

Choice D reason: This statement is correct, as the most common cause of sepsis in neonates is vertical transmission from the mother during pregnancy, labor, or delivery. The nurse should obtain a history of the mother's prenatal care, infections, medications, or complications, and assess the infant for any congenital anomalies or risk factors.

Choice A reason: This statement is incorrect, as Airborne Precautions are not indicated for patients with LIP, unless they have other infections that are transmitted by airborne particles, such as tuberculosis, measles, or chickenpox. Airborne Precautions include wearing a respirator or N95 mask when entering the patient's room, placing the patient in a negative-pressure isolation room with the door closed, and limiting the movement of the patient outside the room.

Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect, as LIP is not rarely seen in children with AIDS, but rather one of the most common pulmonary complications of HIV infection in children. LIP affects about 30% to 40% of children with HIV, and is more prevalent in younger children than older children or adults.

Choice C reason: This statement is correct, as LIP is a common AIDS-defining condition in children with HIV. AIDS-defining conditions are illnesses that occur in people with advanced HIV infection and indicate a severe immunosuppression. LIP is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs that causes lymphocytic infiltration of the interstitium and alveoli, leading to respiratory symptoms and impaired gas exchange.

Choice D reason: This statement is incorrect, as antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for LIP, unless there is a bacterial superinfection. Antibiotics do not target the underlying cause of LIP, which is the HIV infection and the associated immune dysfunction. The main treatment for LIP is antiretroviral therapy (ART), which suppresses the viral replication and improves the immune status of the patient. Corticosteroids may also be used to reduce the inflammation and improve the lung function.