If a woman who is HIV positive takes antiretroviral therapy (ART) throughout her pregnancy, what is the approximate risk of transmitting the virus to the child?
5%
20%
15%
1%
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: This statement is incorrect, as 5% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect, as 20% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the WHO, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice C reason: This statement is incorrect, as 15% is too high for the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to the WHO, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% with effective interventions, such as ART, safe delivery practices, and appropriate infant feeding¹.
Choice D reason: This statement is correct, as 1% is the approximate risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV with ART. According to HIV.gov, if a woman with HIV takes HIV medicine as prescribed throughout her pregnancy and childbirth and gives HIV medicine to her baby for 2-6 weeks after giving birth, the risk of transmitting HIV to the baby can be less than 1%.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: This statement is incorrect, as ibuprofen is not recommended for infants under 6 months of age due to the risk of kidney damage and bleeding. Cool wet sponges can also cause shivering and increase the body temperature. The nurse should advise the father to avoid these methods and seek medical attention.
Choice B reason: This statement is incorrect, as acetaminophen is not enough to treat a high fever in a 2-month-old infant. The nurse should also inform the father that the normal dose of acetaminophen for infants is 10 to 15 mg/kg every 4 to 6 hours, and that he should not exceed 5 doses in 24 hours. The nurse should urge the father to take the infant to the urgent care clinic as soon as possible.
Choice C reason: This statement is correct, as a fever of 38.5°C (101.3°F) or higher in an infant under 3 months of age is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate evaluation and treatment. The nurse should explain to the father that a high fever in a young infant can indicate a serious infection, such as meningitis, sepsis, or urinary tract infection, and that the infant needs to be seen by a doctor right away.
Choice D reason: This statement is incorrect, as putting the infant in a cool bath can cause hypothermia and shock. The nurse should advise the father to avoid this method and seek medical attention.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not a good choice. Adult heart disease can cause volume overload, but so can pediatric heart disease. Volume overload is a condition where the heart has to pump more blood than normal, which can lead to heart failure and pulmonary edema. Volume overload can be caused by various factors, such as valvular defects, hypertension, or anemia.
Choice B reason: This is the correct choice. Adult heart disease is usually acquired, meaning that it develops over time due to factors such as aging, lifestyle, or infection. Pediatric heart disease is usually congenital, meaning that it is present at birth due to genetic or environmental factors that affect the development of the heart.
Choice C reason: This is not a good choice. Heart failure can occur in both adult and pediatric heart disease. Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema. Heart failure can be caused by various factors, such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmias.
Choice D reason: This is not a good choice. Digoxin is a drug that can be used for both adults and children with heart disease. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that increases the force and efficiency of the heart contractions, slows down the heart rate, and improves the symptoms of heart failure. Digoxin can be used for conditions such as atrial fibrillation, heart failure, or congenital heart defects. However, digoxin has a narrow therapeutic range and requires careful monitoring of the blood levels and the patient's response.
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