Memory in the context of the immune system refers to:
The ability of immune cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens.
The ability of immune cells to differentiate between self and non-self antigens.
The process of phagocytosis by macrophages.
The ability of B cells to produce antibodies.
The Correct Answer is A
Explanation: Memory in the immune system refers to the ability of immune cells, particularly memory B cells and memory T cells, to recognize and respond more quickly and effectively to specific antigens upon subsequent exposure. This leads to a faster and stronger secondary immune response.
Incorrect choices:
b. The ability of immune cells to differentiate between self and non-self antigens refers to the concept of immune tolerance, which helps prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells and tissues.
c. The process of phagocytosis by macrophages is a mechanism by which immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens and cellular debris, but it is not directly related to memory in the immune system.
d. The ability of B cells to produce antibodies is an essential part of the primary immune response, but it is not specific to memory in the immune system.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Explanation: B cells recognize antigens by producing specific receptors on their cell surface, known as antibodies or immunoglobulins. When a B cell encounters an antigen that matches its specific antibody, it binds to the antigen, marking it for destruction or neutralization by other immune cells.
Incorrect choices:
a. Engulfing and processing pathogens is the role of antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. These cells present processed antigens to other immune cells, including B cells, to trigger an immune response.
b. Cytokines are small proteins that serve as signaling molecules in the immune system. They are produced by various immune cells to regulate immune responses, but they are not directly involved in antigen recognition by B cells.
d. Directly attacking and killing infected cells is the role of cytotoxic T cells during cell-mediated immunity, not B cells during the humoral immune response.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Explanation: Passive immunity is acquired when preformed antibodies are transferred to an individual, providing immediate but temporary protection against a specific pathogen. This can occur naturally from a mother to her newborn or artificially through administration of specific antibodies.
Incorrect choices:
a. Active immunity is acquired when the body's immune system is exposed to a pathogen and produces an immune response to provide protection against future infections.
c. Natural immunity refers to immunity that is acquired through natural exposure to a pathogen, either through infection or vaccination.
d. Herd immunity is the indirect protection that occurs when a large percentage of a population becomes immune to a disease, either through vaccination or previous infection, reducing the likelihood of transmission to susceptible individuals.
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