Normal chewing in humans involves _____ of the mandible.
Protraction and retraction
Opposition and reposition
Elevation and pronation
Elevation and depression
Supination and depression
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Protraction and retraction refer to the forward and backward movement of the mandible, which occurs during certain chewing motions but is not the primary movement involved in chewing.
Choice B reason: Opposition and reposition are movements of the thumb and fingers, not the mandible. They are unrelated to chewing.
Choice C reason: Pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm, not the mandible. Elevation is correct, but pronation does not apply to jaw movement.
Choice D reason: Elevation and depression are the correct movements involved in chewing. Elevation closes the jaw (biting), and depression opens it (jaw lowering).
Choice E reason: Supination is also a forearm movement and does not apply to the mandible. Depression is correct, but supination is irrelevant here.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: The talus is a tarsal bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and fibula. It is not embedded within a tendon and therefore not classified as a sesamoid bone.
Choice B reason: The radius is one of the two long bones in the forearm. It is not a sesamoid bone, as it is not formed within a tendon.
Choice C reason: The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body, located in the thigh. It is a long bone, not a sesamoid bone.
Choice D reason: The hamate is a carpal bone in the wrist. It is not embedded in a tendon and thus not a sesamoid bone.
Choice E reason: The patella, or kneecap, is the most well-known example of a sesamoid bone. It is embedded within the quadriceps tendon and functions to protect the knee joint and improve leverage during leg extension.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
Choice A reason: Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. They do not arise from osteoblasts and are not involved in matrix secretion.
Choice B reason: Osteogenic cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. They are precursors, not the result of matrix entrapment.
Choice C reason: Chondrocytes are cartilage cells, not bone cells. They originate from chondroblasts and are unrelated to osteoblast transformation.
Choice D reason: Osteoid refers to the unmineralized bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts. "Osteoid cell" is not a recognized term for a mature bone cell.
Choice E reason: Osteocyte is the correct answer. Once an osteoblast becomes encased in the bone matrix it secretes, it differentiates into an osteocyte. Osteocytes reside in lacunae and maintain bone tissue.
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