The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, is an example of fluid loss, also known as:

Choice A reason: Type 2 diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This means that glucose cannot enter the cells efficiently, leading to high blood sugar levels. Additionally, there may be a suboptimal amount of insulin produced by the pancreas. Together, these factors contribute to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.

Choice B reason: While individuals with type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk for infections due to high blood sugar levels affecting immune function, infection itself is not the root cause of type 2 diabetes. The primary issue in type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.

Choice C reason: White blood cells (WBC) play a key role in the immune system. Type 2 diabetes does not primarily arise from issues with WBCs. However, high blood sugar levels can impair the function of WBCs, increasing the risk of infections in diabetic individuals.

Choice D reason: Red blood cells (RBC) are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Type 2 diabetes is not directly related to problems with RBCs. Instead, it is an issue with insulin and blood sugar regulation. While high blood sugar can affect various body functions, the primary problem lies in insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.

Choice A reason: A catheter is a flexible tube inserted into the body to allow the passage of fluids or other substances. While catheters can be used for hemodialysis, they are typically considered temporary access points and are not created by surgically attaching an artery to a vein.

Choice B reason: A peripheral intravenous line (PIV) is a catheter placed into a small peripheral vein. PIVs are commonly used for short-term access to administer medications or fluids but are not suitable for the high flow rates needed for hemodialysis and are not surgically created by joining an artery and a vein.

Choice C reason: An arteriovenous graft (AVG) involves using a synthetic tube to connect an artery and a vein. AVGs are used for patients who cannot have an AVF due to small or weak veins. While AVGs are a viable option for hemodialysis, they are not the preferred method due to higher rates of complications like infections and clotting compared to AVFs.

Choice D reason: An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred method of vascular access for long-term hemodialysis. It is created by surgically connecting an artery to a vein, usually in the arm. This connection allows for increased blood flow through the vein, which enlarges and strengthens it, making it suitable for repeated needle insertions during dialysis sessions. AVFs are preferred because they have lower rates of complications and provide better long-term access compared to other methods.