The American Academy of Pediatrics states that breastfeeding should be avoided for children with congenital heart disease because it requires less energy to suck from a bottle than the breast.

Choice A reason: Unfamiliar equipment should be shown to the child and the family before the surgery, as part of the preoperative education and preparation. This can help reduce the child's fear and anxiety, as well as increase the child's understanding and cooperation during the surgery¹.

Choice B reason: Explain that an endotracheal tube will be needed for the surgery, regardless of how well it goes. The endotracheal tube is inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea to provide mechanical ventilation during the surgery and the immediate postoperative period. The child and the family should be informed about the purpose, duration, and possible complications of the endotracheal tube, as well as the methods of communication and comfort measures².

Choice C reason: Mention the postoperative discomfort and interventions that the child may experience after the surgery, such as pain, nausea, chest tubes, drains, dressings, and monitors. The child and the family should be reassured that these are normal and expected, and that the nurse will provide adequate pain relief and care. The child and the family should also be taught about the postoperative activities and exercises, such as deep breathing, coughing, turning, and leg movements, to promote recovery and prevent complications³.

Choice D reason: Let the child hear the sounds of an ECG monitor, as well as other equipment that will be used during the surgery, such as a blood pressure cuff, an oxygen mask, and an IV pump. This can help familiarize the child with the sounds and sensations that he or she will encounter during the surgery, and reduce the fear of the unknown. The child should also be encouraged to ask questions and express feelings about the surgery⁴.

Choice A reason: This is not the correct cause, as varicella is a viral infection that causes a blister-like rash all over the body, not just in the diaper area. Varicella also causes fever, headache, and malaise.

Choice B reason: This is the correct cause, as Candida albicans is a type of fungus that can cause diaper rash, especially after antibiotic use. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal flora of the skin and allow the fungus to grow. Candida albicans causes red, inflamed skin with small, raised bumps around the edges.

Choice C reason: This is not the correct cause, as impetigo is a bacterial infection that causes honey-colored crusts on the skin, usually around the mouth and nose. Impetigo is contagious and can spread to other parts of the body or other people.

Choice D reason: This is not the correct cause, as bacterial infection is too vague and nonspecific. Bacterial infection can cause different types of skin rashes, depending on the type and location of the bacteria. Bacterial infection may also cause other symptoms, such as fever, pus, or swelling.