The child is a 2-year-old who fell into a pool. He was retrieved from the pool by a family member but was not breathing. The family member started CPR, and the ambulance brought him to the hospital.
What factors are important in determining the level of hypoxemia that the child may have experienced during the submersion?

Select all that apply.

Temperature of water

The weight of the child

Oxygen concentration of the ambient air

Whether or not anyone witnessed the fall into the pool

The amount of time the child was submerged

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,E

The level of hypoxemia that the child may have experienced during the submersion depends on several factors, but the most important ones are:

The **temperature of water**: Cold water can induce a diving reﬂex, which lowers the heart rate and oxygen consumption, and may protect the brain from hypoxic injury¹². Cold water can also cause laryngospasm, which prevents water aspiration but also impairs gas exchange.
The **amount of time the child was submerged**: The longer the submersion, the more severe the hypoxemia and the higher the risk of brain damage and death. The survival rate decreases significantly after 5 minutes of submersion³.

The other factors are less relevant or not directly related to the level of hypoxemia:

The **weight of the child**: This may affect the buoyancy and the ability to ﬂoat or swim, but not the oxygen consumption or gas exchange during submersion¹.
The **oxygen concentration of the ambient air**: This may affect the pre-submersion oxygen saturation, but not the rate of oxygen depletion or gas exchange during submersion¹.
The **witnessing of the fall into the pool**: This may affect the time to rescue and resuscitation, but not the level of hypoxemia during submersion.

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Free Nursing Study Resources

Correct Answer is A,B,C,D

Explanation

This client has the highest priority, as he or she may be experiencing an acute asthma attack that can compromise the airway and oxygenation. The PN should assess the client's respiratory status, administer bronchodilators, and monitor for improvement or deterioration.

B. A 7-year-old child who has type 1 diabetes mellitus and is experiencing extreme hunger and shakiness.

This client has the second highest priority, as he or she may be experiencing hypoglycemia, which is a low blood glucose level that can cause neurologic symptoms such as confusion, seizures, or coma. The PN should check the client's blood glucose level, provide a source of glucose, and monitor for recovery or complications.

C. A 10-year-old child with bleeding lacerations on both knees after falling on the playground.

This client has the third highest priority, as he or she may have a risk of infection or blood loss from the wounds. The PN should clean and dress the lacerations, apply pressure if needed, and check for signs of infection or inﬂammation.

D. A 5-year-old child who is crying uncontrollably because of an incontinent bowel episode.

This client has the lowest priority, as he or she does not have a life-threatening or urgent condition, but a psychosocial or emotional issue. The PN should provide comfort and reassurance to the child, change his or her clothes, and explore the possible causes of the incontinence.

A. Tie the knot with a double turn or square knot. B. Ensure that the restraints are snug against the client's wrists. C. Move the ties so the restraints are secured to the side rails. D. Ensure that the knot can be quickly released.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A: A double turn or square knot is not recommended because it is not a quick-release knot, which is necessary for patient safety in case of an emergency

Choice B: While restraints need to be secure, they should not be snug against the client's wrists. There should be enough space to fit two fingers between the restraint and the wrist to prevent circulation issues.

Choice C: Ties should not be secured to side rails as this can cause injury if the rails are moved. Instead, they should be attached to the movable part of the bed frame.

Choice D: This is the correct action. A half-bow knot is a type of quick-release knot, which is essential for the safety and quick release of the patient if needed

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Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is A,B,C,D

Explanation

Before leaving the room of a confused client, the nurse notes that a half-bow knot was used to attach the client's wrist restraints to the movable portion of the client's bed frame. What action should the nurse take before leaving the room?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The practical nurse (PN) observes two unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) turning an older client who had a hip arthroplasty with prosthesis placement four hours ago. Which observation by the PN indicates that the UAPs need additional information about the turning procedure?

The practical nurse (PN) observes an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) performing oral hygiene on an unconscious client who is lying in a ﬂat side-lying position with an emesis basin on the bedside table near the chin. Which action should the PN take?

A woman who delivered a normal newborn 24 hours ago reports, "I seem to be urinating every hour or so. Is that OK?" Which action should the practical nurse (PN) implement?

When the practical nurse (PN) attempts to assist an 18-year-old client with a mild mental disability to ambulate on the first postoperative day after an appendectomy, she becomes angry and says, "PN, 'Get out of here! I'll get up when I'm ready!" Which response is best for the PN to make?

While changing the dressing of a client who is immobile, the nurse notices the boundary of the wound has increased. Given there is a positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is the most important action for the nurse to take?

A client experiencing an acute dystonic reaction presents with a laryngeal spasm. Which treatment should the nurse prepare?

The practical nurse (PN) observes a newly hired unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) who is counting a client's radial pulse as seen in the picture. Which action should the PN take?