The most common cause of endocrine disorders is:

A. While high blood glucose levels can affect nerve function, excessive glucose exposure does not specifically target the brain and spinal cord in a way that causes neuropathy.

B. Neuropathy in diabetes is not caused by the inability to provide glucose to the brain and spinal cord, but rather by the effects of high blood glucose levels on peripheral nerves.

C. Infection in the nerves is not the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy, although infection can occur in diabetic patients due to poor circulation and immune system impairment.

D. Chronic high blood glucose levels can cause thickening of blood vessels, leading to poor circulation (ischemia) that deprives nerves of oxygen and nutrients, ultimately causing nerve damage. This is the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy.

A. A random blood sugar of 150 mg/dL is within an acceptable range for someone with diabetes, though it may suggest some fluctuation in blood glucose levels. It does not definitively indicate poor control of diabetes.

B. There are multiple methods to determine if diabetes is under tight control, including blood glucose monitoring and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing.

C. A reduced glycosylated hemoglobin level would indicate that blood glucose levels have been well-controlled over the past few months, suggesting that the patient is in tight control.

D. An elevated glycosylated hemoglobin level indicates that the patient's average blood glucose levels have been higher than recommended over the past 2-3 months, suggesting poor control of diabetes despite the patient's reported blood sugar levels. HbA1c is a key indicator of long-term glucose control.