Which of the following situations of altered perfusion could be triggered by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Ventilation perfusion mismatching
Impaired cardiac output
Impaired circulation
Excessive cardiac demand
The Correct Answer is A
A. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), airflow obstruction leads to ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatching. This means that some parts of the lungs may receive air but not enough blood flow, or vice versa, resulting in inefficient gas exchange and reduced oxygenation. This is a hallmark of COPD.
B. While COPD can eventually affect the heart, particularly leading to right heart failure (cor pulmonale), it does not directly impair cardiac output in the early stages. The primary issue in COPD is with lung function.
C. COPD does not directly impair circulation but can lead to pulmonary hypertension and strain on the circulatory system over time. However, impaired circulation is not the primary issue triggered by COPD.
D. COPD may lead to increased work of breathing, but it does not directly cause excessive cardiac demand in the same way that conditions like anemia or sepsis might.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. While high blood glucose levels can affect nerve function, excessive glucose exposure does not specifically target the brain and spinal cord in a way that causes neuropathy.
B. Neuropathy in diabetes is not caused by the inability to provide glucose to the brain and spinal cord, but rather by the effects of high blood glucose levels on peripheral nerves.
C. Infection in the nerves is not the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy, although infection can occur in diabetic patients due to poor circulation and immune system impairment.
D. Chronic high blood glucose levels can cause thickening of blood vessels, leading to poor circulation (ischemia) that deprives nerves of oxygen and nutrients, ultimately causing nerve damage. This is the primary cause of diabetic neuropathy.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Cyanosis is a common feature in both chronic bronchitis and emphysema due to hypoxemia, but it is more often seen in chronic bronchitis due to the persistent airway obstruction and reduced gas exchange.
B. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) is more commonly associated with emphysema due to the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity, which impairs gas exchange. Chronic bronchitis can also cause dyspnea, but it is more closely linked with emphysema.
C. Lymphadenopathy is not a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis or emphysema; it is more associated with infections or malignancies.
D. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a persistent cough with sputum production, which is a hallmark symptom. This is more prominent in chronic bronchitis than in emphysema, where the cough is less frequent and sputum production is less significant.
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