Which manifestation is more commonly found in chronic bronchitis than in emphysema?
Cyanosis
Dyspnea
Lymphadenopathy
Cough
The Correct Answer is D
A. Cyanosis is a common feature in both chronic bronchitis and emphysema due to hypoxemia, but it is more often seen in chronic bronchitis due to the persistent airway obstruction and reduced gas exchange.
B. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) is more commonly associated with emphysema due to the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity, which impairs gas exchange. Chronic bronchitis can also cause dyspnea, but it is more closely linked with emphysema.
C. Lymphadenopathy is not a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis or emphysema; it is more associated with infections or malignancies.
D. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a persistent cough with sputum production, which is a hallmark symptom. This is more prominent in chronic bronchitis than in emphysema, where the cough is less frequent and sputum production is less significant.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. In diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), serum bicarbonate is typically decreased, not increased. The decrease is due to metabolic acidosis resulting from the accumulation of ketones.
B. Serum potassium is often elevated in DKA initially due to the shift of potassium from inside the cells to the bloodstream as a result of acidosis. However, potassium levels may drop with treatment, especially with insulin administration, which drives potassium back into cells.
C. Urine pH in DKA is often acidic due to the presence of ketones, which are acidic byproducts of fat metabolism. A urine pH of 4.0 indicates aciduria, which is consistent with ketoacidosis.
D. Serum pH in DKA is typically low (below 7.35), indicating acidosis. A serum pH of 7.5 would suggest alkalosis, which is not typical of DKA.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The presence of epithelial cells in urinary casts is indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN), a condition where the tubular cells in the kidneys are damaged, often due to ischemia or nephrotoxic substances. These damaged cells shed into the urine, forming casts.
B. Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli and typically leads to hematuria and proteinuria, but it is not specifically associated with epithelial cells in casts.
C. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) usually cause bacteriuria, pyuria, and sometimes hematuria, but not epithelial cell casts.
D. Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys that can cause white blood cell casts and bacteria in the urine, but it is not typically associated with epithelial cell casts.
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