The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding?

A. Primary disorders affect hormone receptors, while secondary disorders affect hormone production: While receptor sensitivity may play a role in some conditions, the main distinction between primary and secondary endocrine disorders is based on the location of dysfunction, not receptor or hormone function alone.

B. Primary disorders originate in the target organ, while secondary disorders originate in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus: In primary disorders, the problem lies in the endocrine gland itself (e.g., the thyroid gland in primary hypothyroidism), while secondary disorders result from dysfunction in regulatory centers like the pituitary or hypothalamus.

C. Primary disorders involve the hypothalamus, while secondary disorders involve the target organ: This reverses the correct relationship. Secondary disorders typically involve the hypothalamus or pituitary, not primary disorders.

D. Primary disorders are caused by external factors, while secondary disorders are caused by genetic mutations: While both external and genetic factors can contribute to endocrine disorders, this distinction does not define the difference between primary and secondary types. The classification is based on the anatomical source of dysfunction.

A. May be idiopathic: In many cases, especially central precocious puberty, no identifiable underlying cause is found. This is referred to as idiopathic precocious puberty and is a common diagnosis, particularly in girls.

B. Peripheral precocious puberty is independent of gonadotropin release from the pituitary gland: Peripheral (or gonadotropin-independent) precocious puberty occurs due to hormone secretion from sources other than the pituitary, such as adrenal tumors or ovarian cysts.

C. Central precocious puberty is caused by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis: This is the most common form and involves early activation of the normal puberty pathway via the HPG axis.

D. It is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys: This is the widely accepted medical definition of precocious puberty based on chronological age for the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics.

E. Tall stature during childhood is a common feature, but final adult height may be shorter than expected without treatment: Early growth spurts can lead to early closure of growth plates, resulting in reduced adult height if untreated.