Which of the following are the most common pathogens causing Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)?
Proteus mirabilis
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella peumoniae
The Correct Answer is B
A. Proteus mirabilis: While Proteus mirabilis is a recognized cause of UTIs, especially in catheterized patients or those with structural abnormalities, it is not the most common pathogen overall.
B. Escherichia coli: E. coli is by far the most common pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections, accounting for approximately 80–90% of uncomplicated UTIs due to its ability to adhere to the uroepithelium with fimbriae.
C. Staphylococcus saprophyticus: This organism is a common cause of UTIs in sexually active young women, but overall it is much less prevalent than E. coli across all age groups and sexes.
D. Klebsiella pneumoniae: Although K. pneumoniae can cause UTIs, particularly in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients, it is not as frequently encountered as E. coli in community-acquired cases.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is "{\"xRanges\":[118.328125,148.328125],\"yRanges\":[263,293]}"
Explanation
McBurney's point is a specific location on the lower right quadrant of the abdomen that is used in diagnosing acute appendicitis. It is situated one-third of the distance from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus.Tenderness at McBurney's point is a key clinical sign of appendicitis, often indicating that the inflammation has progressed beyond the appendix itself and is affecting the peritoneum.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): These are the three main components within the cranial vault as described by the Monro-Kellie doctrine. The total volume of these components remains constant, and any increase in one must be offset by a decrease in another to prevent elevated ICP.
B. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, oxygen: While CSF and blood are intracranial components, oxygen is not a physical substance occupying volume in the cranial cavity. It is transported within the blood and does not contribute to changes in ICP in terms of physical space.
C. Brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), air: Air is not a normal component of the cranial cavity. The presence of air would indicate pathology, such as a skull fracture with pneumocephalus, which is abnormal and can contribute to increased ICP but is not a standard component.
D. Brain, blood, lymphatic fluid: While the brain and blood are correct components, the central nervous system, including the brain, does not have a conventional lymphatic system like other parts of the body. Waste products are primarily cleared by the glymphatic system, which utilizes CSF, rather than traditional lymphatic fluid.
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