The nurse has noted the high incidence of urinary tract obstructions of a variety of etiologies. Which individuals are at risk of developing urinary obstructions? (Select all that apply).

A. Optimizing pain: While pain management is important in any patient care plan, acute kidney injury typically does not cause significant pain unless associated with another condition such as obstruction or infection. It is not a primary focus unless the patient reports discomfort requiring intervention.

B. Protecting from falls: Fall prevention is a general safety measure but is not a specific priority related to AKI management unless the patient has associated risks like altered mental status, weakness, or dialysis-related hypotension. It is not a primary priority in early AKI care planning.

C. Monitoring electrolyte levels: AKI commonly leads to imbalances in potassium, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus due to impaired renal clearance. Hyperkalemia in particular poses serious cardiac risks, making electrolyte monitoring a top priority to prevent complications such as arrhythmias.

D. Assessing fluid balance: AKI affects the kidneys’ ability to excrete or conserve fluid, resulting in potential fluid overload or dehydration. Accurate intake and output tracking, daily weights, and edema assessment are essential to guide treatment and prevent respiratory or cardiovascular compromise.

E. Promoting infection control: Infection is both a potential cause and a complication of AKI, especially in hospitalized or catheterized patients. Maintaining strict aseptic technique, monitoring for signs of infection, and preventing sepsis are critical components of AKI management.

A. 60–89 mL/min/1.73m²: This range indicates mildly decreased GFR, often classified as Stage 2 chronic kidney disease. Renal function is still relatively preserved and not considered renal failure at this stage.

B. 30–59 mL/min/1.73m²: This reflects a moderate decrease in GFR, typically Stage 3 CKD. Although kidney function is significantly impaired, it is not yet categorized as renal failure.

C. 15–29 mL/min/1.73m²: This GFR indicates severe kidney impairment and is classified as Stage 4 CKD. While this stage shows significant dysfunction, renal failure is generally diagnosed at lower values.

D. <15 mL/min/1.73m²: A GFR below 15 signals end-stage renal disease (ESRD), also referred to as renal failure. At this stage, dialysis or kidney transplantation is usually necessary to sustain life.