The nurse is assessing the respiratory system of a newborn. Which anatomic differences place the infant at risk for respiratory compromise? (Select All that Apply.)

The nasal passages are narrower.

The tongue is smaller.

There are significantly fewer alveoli.

The larynx is more funnel shaped.

The trachea and chest wall are less compliant.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,C,D,E

A. Narrower nasal passages can lead to increased airway resistance and difficulty in breathing, as infants are primarily nasal breathers.

B. A smaller tongue does not directly contribute to respiratory compromise; however, it can pose a risk for airway obstruction if the tongue falls back against the oropharynx.

C. Significantly fewer alveoli mean less surface area for gas exchange, which can impair oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination.

D. A more funnel-shaped larynx can predispose infants to upper airway obstruction and increase the work of breathing.

E. Less compliant trachea and chest wall make it harder for the infant to expand the lungs, leading to increased work of breathing and potential respiratory distress.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Myelination of the brain and spinal cord is a continuous process that begins during fetal development and continues through childhood and adolescence. While significant myelination

occurs during infancy and toddlerhood, it is not complete by 24 months. However, substantial progress in myelination does occur during the toddler years, contributing to the development of motor and cognitive skills.

B. Alveoli reach adult numbers by 3 years of age. This statement is incorrect. Alveoli continue to develop and increase in number after birth, reaching adult numbers around adolescence, not by 3 years of age.

C. Urine output in a toddler typically averages approximately 30 mL/hour. This statement is incorrect. Toddlers typically have higher urine output rates than adults due to their smaller

bladder capacity and higher metabolic rate. The average urine output for a toddler is around 1-2 mL/kg/hour, which varies depending on factors such as hydration status and activity level.

D. Toddlers typically have strong abdominal muscles by the age of 2. This statement is incorrect. While toddlers may develop some abdominal muscle strength through activities such as walking and climbing, their muscle tone and strength are still developing and may not be as strong as in older children or adults.

A. "I will give him a pacifier during feeding time." B. "We need to make sure he doesn't lose the desire to eat by mouth." C. "We need to keep feeding time very quiet." D. "Sucking produces saliva, which aids in digestion."

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "I will give him a pacifier during feeding time.": Giving a pacifier during feeding time may interfere with the infant's ability to coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing, especially if

they are receiving nutrition through a nasogastric tube. This response indicates a need for further teaching because pacifiers during feeding time could potentially disrupt the infant's feeding

pattern and may not be appropriate in this situation.

B. "We need to make sure he doesn't lose the desire to eat by mouth.": This response

demonstrates an understanding of the importance of maintaining the infant's oral feeding skills and indicates appropriate knowledge about promoting oral feeding while using a nasogastric

tube.

C. "We need to keep feeding time very quiet.": Keeping feeding time quiet can help reduce distractions and promote a calm environment, which may enhance feeding tolerance for the infant. This response reflects an understanding of strategies to facilitate feeding.

D. "Sucking produces saliva, which aids in digestion.": This response demonstrates knowledge about the benefits of sucking and saliva production during feeding, indicating an understanding of the infant's physiological needs during feeding.

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The nurse is assessing the respiratory system of a newborn. Which anatomic differences place the infant at risk for respiratory compromise? (Select All that Apply.)

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