The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of otosclerosis due to previous ear surgeries. Which type of pathological hearing loss supports the client's clinical history?
Presbycusis.
Conductive.
Endolymphatic.
Sensorineural.
The Correct Answer is B
Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, specifically involving the stapes bone. This abnormal bone growth interferes with the transmission of sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear, resulting in conductive hearing loss. Here's a breakdown of each option:
A) Presbycusis:
Presbycusis refers to age-related hearing loss, typically involving sensorineural components such as the degeneration of hair cells in the inner ear or changes in the auditory nerve. While presbycusis is a common cause of hearing loss in older adults, it is not directly related to otosclerosis or previous ear surgeries.
B) Conductive:
Correct. Otosclerosis primarily affects the middle ear by causing abnormal bone growth around the stapes bone, which can immobilize it and interfere with sound transmission to the inner ear. As a result, individuals with otosclerosis often experience conductive hearing loss, where sound is not effectively conducted from the outer or middle ear to the inner ear.
C) Endolymphatic:
Endolymphatic hydrops, also known as Ménière's disease, involves abnormal fluid accumulation in the inner ear, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss. While inner ear disorders like endolymphatic hydrops can cause sensorineural hearing loss, otosclerosis primarily affects the conductive components of hearing.
D) Sensorineural:
Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to dysfunction or damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve pathways leading to the brain. This type of hearing loss is typically permanent and can result from various factors, including age-related changes, noise exposure, and certain medical conditions. While sensorineural hearing loss can coexist with conductive hearing loss in some cases, otosclerosis primarily causes conductive hearing loss rather than sensorineural hearing loss.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
DKA is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. The laboratory results consistent with DKA include:
Elevated blood glucose level: A blood glucose level of 525 mg/dL (28 mmol/L) is significantly elevated and consistent with DKA.
Low arterial blood pH: A decreased arterial blood pH indicates acidosis, which is characteristic of DKA. Normal arterial blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.
Low bicarbonate (HCO3-) level: A low bicarbonate level indicates metabolic acidosis, which is also characteristic of DKA. Normal bicarbonate levels range from 21 to 28 mEq/L (21 to 28 mmol/L).
Among the options provided:
A) Arterial blood pH 7.5 and bicarbonate level 32 mEq/L (32 mmol/L):
This pH and bicarbonate level are indicative of alkalosis, which is not consistent with DKA.
B) Arterial blood pH 7.42 and bicarbonate level 18 mEq/L (18 mmol/L):
This pH is within the normal range, and the bicarbonate level is slightly decreased but not indicative of metabolic acidosis consistent with DKA.
C) Arterial blood pH 7.25 and bicarbonate level 10 mEq/L (10 mmol/L):
Correct. This pH is decreased, indicating acidosis, and the bicarbonate level is significantly below the normal range, consistent with metabolic acidosis characteristic of DKA.
D) Arterial blood pH 7.38 and bicarbonate level 29 mEq/L (29 mmol/L):
While the pH is within the normal range, the bicarbonate level is elevated, which is not consistent with metabolic acidosis seen in DKA.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism, primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) such as mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. In the context of asthma, leukotrienes play a significant role in the pathophysiology of the disease by contributing to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Here's a breakdown of their immune response:
A) Produce the sensation of itching:
Leukotrienes are not directly involved in producing the sensation of itching. Itching is often associated with histamine release rather than leukotrienes.
B) Tighten airway and produce mucous:
Correct. Leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors that cause smooth muscle contraction in the airways, leading to narrowing (constriction) of the bronchioles. Additionally, they stimulate the secretion of mucus from goblet cells in the airway epithelium, contributing to airway obstruction and mucus production, which are characteristic features of asthma exacerbations.
C) Causes formation of bradykinin:
Bradykinin is a peptide mediator that is generated from the plasma protein kininogen and is involved in vasodilation, pain sensation, and inflammation. Leukotrienes are not directly responsible for the formation of bradykinin.
D) Serves as a receptor for antigen:
Leukotrienes do not serve as receptors for antigens. Instead, they are lipid mediators released in response to various stimuli, including allergens, infections, and irritants, and they act on specific receptors (e.g., leukotriene receptors) to exert their effects, such as bronchoconstriction and inflammation
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