The nurse is providing teaching for the family of a patient who has been newly diagnosed with Alzheimer disease (AD). Which statement by the family member indicates understanding of the teaching?

“Alzheimer disease affects memory but not personality.”

“With proper treatment, symptoms of this disease can be arrested.”

“The onset of Alzheimer disease is usually between 65 and 75 years.”

“Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive condition.”

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A) “Alzheimer disease affects memory but not personality.”
While memory loss is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, the condition also significantly impacts other cognitive functions, including personality and behavior. As the disease progresses, patients often experience changes in mood, behavior, and personality, such as increased irritability, depression, or aggression.

B) “With proper treatment, symptoms of this disease can be arrested.”
Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, and while some treatments (like cholinesterase inhibitors) can help manage symptoms temporarily or slow their progression, the disease itself is not arrestable. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and improve quality of life, but it cannot stop the disease from advancing.

C) “The onset of Alzheimer disease is usually between 65 and 75 years.”
While Alzheimer’s disease typically affects older adults, this statement is too narrow. Alzheimer’s disease can begin earlier, sometimes in individuals in their 50s or 60s, particularly in cases of early-onset Alzheimer’s. The average age of onset for most people is around 65, but there is variability.

D) “Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive condition.”
Alzheimer’s disease is indeed chronic (lasting for years) and progressive (it worsens over time). It gradually destroys brain cells, leading to a decline in cognitive function, including memory, thinking, and reasoning skills. This is the fundamental nature of the disease

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Proteins:
Proteins are generally too large to diffuse freely across the cell membrane. They require specific transport mechanisms, such as endocytosis or transport proteins, to move in and out of cells. The hydrophilic nature of most proteins further complicates their passage across the lipid bilayer.

B) Enzymes:
Like proteins, enzymes are large molecules that do not freely diffuse across cell membranes. Enzymes, being proteins, also need specialized transport mechanisms or need to be secreted or endocytosed to enter or exit cells.

C) Hormones:
Many hormones, particularly lipid-soluble ones like steroid hormones, can diffuse freely across the cell membrane. These hormones pass through the lipid bilayer due to their hydrophobic nature and bind to intracellular receptors, initiating cellular responses. However, water-soluble hormones (e.g., insulin) typically do not diffuse freely but interact with receptors on the cell surface.

D) Electrolytes:
Electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions) are charged particles that cannot pass freely through the lipid bilayer due to the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane. They require specific ion channels or transporters to move in and out of the cell. Diffusion of electrolytes is facilitated through these channels, but it is not a simple diffusion process as seen with small, uncharged molecules.

A. Pupil constriction B. Muscle contraction C. Increase GI motility D. Decrease in heart rate

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Pupil constriction: Pupil constriction (miosis) is primarily mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system through muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors, when stimulated, affect skeletal muscle contraction, not the size of the pupils.

B) Muscle contraction: Nicotinic receptors are located on skeletal muscle cells and are responsible for mediating muscle contraction when activated. When a drug stimulates nicotinic receptors, the expected outcome is muscle contraction, as these receptors play a critical role in neuromuscular transmission.

C) Increase GI motility: While nicotinic receptors are involved in muscle contraction, they are not the primary mediators of gastrointestinal motility. Muscarinic receptors, which are part of the parasympathetic nervous system, primarily control GI motility. Stimulating muscarinic receptors would lead to increased motility, but not nicotinic receptors.

D) Decrease in heart rate: A decrease in heart rate is typically associated with the stimulation of muscarinic receptors, particularly those that influence the parasympathetic nervous system (vagal tone). Nicotinic receptor activation does not directly influence heart rate; in fact, their stimulation is more related to skeletal muscle contraction.

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The nurse is providing teaching for the family of a patient who has been newly diagnosed with Alzheimer disease (AD). Which statement by the family member indicates understanding of the teaching?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What substance move freely in and out of a cell by diffusion?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

When the nurse administers a drug that stimulates the nicotinic receptors, what manifestation would indicate that the drug is working?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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