The nurse is talking with a couple at a community health fair who ask how cancerous tumors occur. Which pathophysiological process supports the nurse's reponse about cancer cells developement?
Cell division occurs with the replication of parent cell's DNA distributed to daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes.
Cells proliferate until a finite cell density is reached, which is determined by the availability of growth factors.
Abnormal cell growth that remains confined to its original location, without invading surrounding tissue or spreading.
Alteration of cellular genetics proliferates a mutated cell that progresses to surrounding and distant tissues.
The Correct Answer is D
A. Cell division occurs with the replication of parent cell's DNA distributed to daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes. This describes normal cell division (mitosis), not cancerous growth. In healthy cells, division is controlled, and errors are corrected by regulatory mechanisms.
B. Cells proliferate until a finite cell density is reached, which is determined by the availability of growth factors. Normal cells exhibit contact inhibition, meaning they stop dividing when they reach a certain density. Cancer cells ignore these regulatory signals and continue to grow uncontrollably.
C. Abnormal cell growth that remains confined to its original location, without invading surrounding tissue or spreading. This describes benign tumors, which do not spread. Cancerous (malignant) tumors, however, invade nearby tissues and can metastasize to distant organs.
D. Alteration of cellular genetics proliferates a mutated cell that progresses to surrounding and distant tissues. Cancer begins with genetic mutations that cause uncontrolled cell proliferation. As cancer progresses, cells invade surrounding tissues and may spread (metastasize) to distant sites via the blood and lymphatic systems. This is the defining characteristic of malignancy.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Enzyme immunoassay. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA), also known as the ELISA test, is used as a primary screening test for HIV. If the EIA test is positive, a confirmatory test, such as the Western Blot, is performed to ensure accuracy.
B. Western Blot. The Western Blot is a confirmatory test for HIV used to verify positive results from an initial screening test. It detects specific HIV antibodies and is highly specific, reducing the likelihood of false positives.
C. White blood cell differential. A white blood cell (WBC) differential assesses the overall immune response but does not diagnose HIV. While some HIV patients may show low WBC counts, this test is not specific for HIV infection.
D. CD4+ cell count. CD4+ cell count is used to monitor disease progression and immune function in HIV-positive patients, but it is not a confirmatory test for diagnosing HIV. A low CD4+ count suggests HIV progression toward AIDS rather than initial diagnosis.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Muscle aches and pains. Muscle pain is not a primary concern related to melanoma recurrence. While melanoma can metastasize to other organs, localized muscle pain is not the most important characteristic to monitor post-resection.
B. Appearance of any moles. Malignant melanoma is strongly associated with abnormal moles. The client should monitor existing moles and new skin lesions using the ABCDE rule:Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6 mm, Evolving changes (size, shape, or symptoms like itching or bleeding), Early detection of new or changing moles is critical for identifying recurrence or new melanoma development.
C. Pigmentation of the skin. Changes in overall skin pigmentation (such as tanning or lightening) are not a primary concern. Localized pigmentation changes around moles may indicate malignancy, but generalized pigmentation shifts are not the focus for melanoma monitoring.
D. Elasticity of the skin. Skin elasticity is affected by aging and sun exposure but is not a key factor in melanoma surveillance. Monitoring moles and skin lesions is far more important for early detection of recurrence.
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