The nurse is teaching the family about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progression of the disease. The nurse would include which common late manifestations?

Generalized muscle weakness and severe muscle spasms.

Mental confusion and aggressive behaviors

Dysarthria and decreased clarity of spoken words

Impairment of respiratory muscles and cognition remains intact.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: This is incorrect. Generalized muscle weakness and severe muscle spasms are not late manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but rather early or intermediate symptoms. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor neurons that control voluntary muscles. The disease causes muscle weakness, stiffness, twitching, and cramps.

Choice B reason: This is incorrect. Mental confusion and aggressive behaviors are not common manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but rather signs of dementia or other psychiatric disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis does not usually affect the cognitive or emotional functions of the brain, except in some rare cases.

Choice C reason: This is incorrect. Dysarthria and decreased clarity of spoken words are not late manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but rather intermediate or advanced symptoms. Dysarthria is a speech disorder that results from the weakness or paralysis of the muscles involved in speech production. It causes slurred, slow, or distorted speech.

Choice D reason: This is correct. Impairment of respiratory muscles and cognition remains intact are common late manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As the disease progresses, the respiratory muscles become weak and unable to support breathing. This can lead to respiratory failure and death. However, the cognition of the patient usually remains intact until the end, as the disease does not affect the higher functions of the brain.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: This is incorrect. Numbness of the fingers is not an early sign of a migraine with an aura, but rather a symptom of a sensory aura, which occurs after the visual aura and before the headache. A sensory aura is a tingling or numb sensation that affects one side of the body, usually the face, arm, or hand.

Choice B reason: This is correct. Visual disturbances are an early sign of a migraine with an aura, which precedes the headache by 10 to 60 minutes. A visual aura is a temporary change in vision, such as seeing flashes, zigzags, blind spots, or shimmering shapes.

Choice C reason: This is incorrect. Lethargy is not an early sign of a migraine with an aura, but rather a symptom of the postdrome phase, which occurs after the headache subsides. The postdrome phase is a period of recovery, where the patient may feel tired, weak, or confused.

Choice D reason: This is incorrect. Vertigo is not an early sign of a migraine with an aura, but rather a symptom of a vestibular migraine, which is a type of migraine that affects the balance and hearing. Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness that may occur with or without a headache.

A. Diabetes mellitus Type 1 B. Peripheral vascular disease C. chronic kidney disease D. Hypertension

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Diabetes mellitus Type 1 is a condition that affects the pancreas and the production of insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. It does not directly cause anemia, but it can increase the risk of complications such as infections, ulcers, and nerve damage.

Choice B reason: Peripheral vascular disease is a condition that affects the blood vessels and the circulation of blood to the limbs. It does not directly cause anemia, but it can increase the risk of complications such as clots, wounds, and gangrene.

Choice C reason: Chronic kidney disease is a condition that affects the kidneys and their function of filtering waste and fluids from the blood. It can cause anemia by reducing the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells.

Choice D reason: Hypertension is a condition that affects the blood pressure and the force of blood against the artery walls. It does not directly cause anemia, but it can increase the risk of complications such as stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage.

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The nurse is teaching the family about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progression of the disease. The nurse would include which common late manifestations?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse assesses a client with a history of migraine headaches. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse identify as an early sign of a migraine with an aura?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The nurse is caring for a patient with anemia. Their medical history includes diabetes mellitus Type 1, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Which condition most likely contributes to their anemia?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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The nurse is teaching the family about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progression of the disease. The nurse would include which common late manifestations?